Table 1.

Logit estimates of prevalence of zarda use and OLS estimates of the frequency of daily use of zarda.

	Model 1				Model 2
	Prevalence: Logit estimation		Intensity: OLS estimation		Prevalence: Logit estimation		Intensity: OLS estimation
	Marginal effect	z-stat	Coef.	t-stat	Marginal effect	z-stat	Coef.	t-stat
Zarda price	-0.0538**	-2.52	1.8678***	2.93
Zarda price-cheaper brands					-0.5003***	-12.09	1.8426	1.36
Interaction for zarda price-higher-price brands					0.3671***	12.37	0.0204	0.02
Cigarette price	0.0030***	5.54	0.0289	1.45	0.0025***	4.73	0.0289	1.44
Bidi price	0.0096	1.63	-0.0332	-0.14	0.0055	0.96	-0.0333	-0.14
Household income	0.0000	0.79	0.0000	0.74	0.0000	0.89	0.0000	0.74
Level of education
Primary (1–5 years)	-0.0429***	-4.21	-0.4338	-1.09	-0.0432***	-4.34	-0.4336	-1.09
Secondary (6–8 years)	-0.0613***	-5.11	-0.1656	-0.28	-0.0565***	-4.76	-0.1652	-0.27
Secondary School Certificate (9–10 years)	-0.1024***	-9.22	-0.8861	-1.01	-0.0986***	-9.25	-0.8862	-1.01
Higher Secondary Certificate (11–12 years)	-0.1304***	-11.3	-2.7031	-1.29	-0.1272***	-12.08	-2.7035	-1.29
Bachelor's and above (14 years and above)	-0.1436***	-14.4	-3.5404	-1.50	-0.1350***	-13.31	-3.5412	-1.5
Occupation
Tenant farmer	0.0005	0.01	-0.2840	-0.22	0.0164	0.42	-0.2845	-0.22
Self-employed in non-farm agriculture	0.0198	0.35	1.9558	1.00	0.0357	0.61	1.9562	1.00
Self-employed in non-agricultural activity	0.0024	0.09	0.9040	0.99	0.0096	0.36	0.9038	0.99
Farm wage labourer	-0.0174	-0.60	0.5976	0.49	-0.0123	-0.42	0.5971	0.49
Non-farm agricultural wage labourer	-0.0876**	-3.19	-1.3764	-0.67	-0.0770***	-2.67	-1.3733	-0.67
Non-agricultural wage labourer	-0.0168	-0.69	0.6548	0.69	-0.0024	-0.09	0.6561	0.69
Professional	0.0083	0.16	1.8835	1.03	0.0095	0.18	1.8828	1.03
Managerial/administrative/clerking	0.0135	0.27	1.0615	0.62	0.0140	0.28	1.0607	0.61
Student	-0.0562	-1.14	4.3982	1.62	0.0517***	0.37	4.3960	1.61
Unemployed	-0.0138	-0.50	0.6096	0.59	0.0293***	0.96	0.6095	0.59
Homemaker	-0.0109	-0.44	0.3596	0.40	0.0260***	0.73	0.3604	0.40
Others	0.0363	1.42	1.2398	1.47	0.0270***	0.08	1.2409	1.47
Female	0.1203***	6.60	0.0566	0.11	0.1031***	5.81	0.0566	0.11
Age	0.0041***	12.81	0.0072	0.59	0.0039***	12.52	0.0072	0.59
Married	0.0092	0.68	0.4260	0.88	0.0067	0.49	0.4259	0.88
Parents use(d) SLT	0.0623***	5.99	0.6955	1.54	0.0102***	0.00	0.6949	1.54
Grandparents use(d) SLT	0.0043	0.43	-0.0708	-0.20	0.0099***	0.94	-0.0713	-0.20
Rural area of residence	0.0555***	4.25	1.1366**	2.33	0.0126***	0.00	*1.1371**	2.32
Floating sample	0.0782***	3.96	2.1263***	3.99	0.0260	0.00	* 2.1279*	3.95
Border sample	-0.0136	-0.32	-2.2180	-1.24	0.0601***	0.34	-2.2172	-1.23
Tribal sample	-0.0536**	-2.42	-2.2358**	-2.01	0.0253***	0.15	* -2.2355*	-2.01
Constant	-4.8400***	-10.90	1.4673	0.69	-3.6921***	-8.11	1.4728	0.68
Observations	5429		725		5429	725
Pseudo-R squared	0.1372				0.1681
Adjusted-R squared			0.0453			0.044
Own price elasticity: Lower-price brands		-0.09				-0.64
Higher-price brands						-0.39
Cross price elasticity (cigarette)						0.35

Note: The t statistics of the coefficients are in parentheses. Omitted categories include male gender, single, illiterate, owner farmers (occupation), urban area of residence and national sample.

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001. OLS, ordinary least square