Table 1.
Background characteristics of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women as a function of perceived stress (lower vs. higher)
| HIV− |
HIV+ |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Lower (n=317) n (%) |
Higher (n=179) n (%) |
Lower (n=619) n (%) |
Higher (n=384) n (%) |
| Background characteristics | ||||
| Age, M (SD)a, b, c | 42.21 (10.36) | 45.94 (8.95) | 47.31 (9.19) | 47.70 (8.10) |
| WRAT-R, M (SD)b | 93.01 (16.94) | 89.73 (16.620 | 94.41 (17.46) | 89.03 (18.82) |
| Years of education, M (SD)b | 12.75 (2.54) | 11.99 (3.07) | 12.71 (2.86) | 11.95 (2.98) |
| Race/ethnicitya | ||||
| African-American, non-Hispanic | 207 (65) | 101 (56) | 416 (67) | 233 (61) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 26 (8) | 24 (13) | 80 (13) | 56 (15) |
| Hispanic | 72 (23) | 44 (25) | 96 (16) | 83 (22) |
| Other | 12 (4) | 10 (6) | 27 (4) | 12 (3) |
| Hepatitis C virus antibody (HCV)a, b | 56 (18) | 37 (21) | 178 (29) | 134 (35) |
| Recentd | ||||
| Average annual household income, M (SD)b |
3.91 (2.29) | 2.87 (1.96) | 4.06 (2.30) | 3.16 (2.05) |
| Alcohol usea | ||||
| Abstainer | 151 (48) | 92 (52) | 367 (59) | 239 (62) |
| Not heavy | 95 (30) | 36 (20) | 158 (26) | 85 (22) |
| Heavy | 71 (22) | 51 (28) | 94 (15) | 60 (16) |
| Antidepressant medication usea, b, c | 15 (5) | 33 (18) | 90 (15) | 89 (23) |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D≥16)b | 32 (10) | 118 (66) | 67 (11) | 234 (61) |
| Perceived stress (PSS-10)b | 9.76 (5.23) | 23.24 (4.76) | 9.55 (5.03) | 22.58 (4.00) |
| Smokingb | ||||
| Never | 88 (28) | 26 (15) | 200 (32) | 71 (19) |
| Formere | 130 (41) | 102 (57) | 210 (34) | 201 (52) |
| Recent | 99 (31) | 51 (28) | 209 (34) | 112 (29) |
| Marijuana usea, b | ||||
| Never | 70 (22) | 28 (16) | 180 (29) | 82 (21) |
| Formere | 178 (56) | 112 (62) | 354 (57) | 237 (62) |
| Recent | 69 (22) | 39 (22) | 85 (14) | 65 (17) |
| Crack, cocaine, and/or heroin useb | ||||
| Never | 153 (48) | 50 (28) | 277 (45) | 121 (32) |
| Formere | 147 (47) | 107 (60) | 326 (53) | 225 (58) |
| Recent | 17 (5) | 22 (12) | 16 (2) | 38 (10) |
| HIV-related clinical characteristics | ||||
| Nadir CD4 count (cells/μl), M (SD) | – | – | 218 (158) | 208 (157) |
| CD4 count (cells/μl)b | – | – | ||
| >500 | 342 (55) | 169 (44) | ||
| ≥200 and <500 | 208 (34) | 155 (40) | ||
| <200 | 69 (11) | 60 (16) | ||
| Viral load (HIV RNA (cp/ml))b | – | – | ||
| Undetectable | 343 (55) | 182 (47) | ||
| <10,000 | 196 (32) | 141 (37) | ||
| ≥10,000 | 80 (13) | 61 (16) | ||
| Medication use | – | – | ||
| No cART | 141 (23) | 95 (25) | ||
| cART+ <95 % medication adherence | 66 (11) | 66 (17) | ||
| cART+ ≥95 % medication adherence | 412 (66) | 223 (58) | ||
| ART duration (years), M (SD) | – | – | 11.21 (4.59) | 11.01 (4.60) |
Heavy alcohol use=>7 drinks per week or >4 drinks at a sitting; Undetectable=<48 copies/ml; For income: 1=≤$6000; 2=$6001– $12000; 3=$12001–$18000; 4=$18001–$24000; 5=$24001– 30000; 6=$30001–$36000; 7=$36001–$75000; 8=>$75000
WRAT-R Wide Range Achievement Test Standard Score, CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale, cART combination antiretroviral therapy, ART antiretroviral therapy
Main effect of HIV status is significant at p<0.05
Main effect of Perceived Stress is significant at p<0.05
Interaction between HIV status and perceived stress is significant at p<0.05
“Recent” refers to within 6 months of the most recent WIHS visit
“Former” refers to any previous use but not within the past 6 months