Table 2.
Multivariable linear regression analyses for the primary and secondary outcome measures: separate and interactive associations of HIV status and stress on cognitive test performance
| Separate and interactive effects |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
HIV infection (HIV+ vs. HIV−) |
Stress (higher vs. lower) |
HIV infection×stress | |||
| Cognitive domains | n | B (SE) | Cohen’s d | B (SE) | Cohen’s d | B (SE) |
| Primary outcome | ||||||
| Verbal memory | 1495 | −1.78 (0.52)*** | 0.19 | −1.54 (0.51)*** | 0.17 | −2.24 (1.05)* |
| HVLT: delayed free recall | 1495 | −1.94 (0.55)*** | 0.20 | −1.45 (0.55)** | 0.15 | −2.52 (1.11)* |
| HVLT: percent retention | 1495 | −1.62 (0.57)** | 0.16 | −1.64 (0.56)** | 0.16 | −1.95 (1.14)T |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Verbal learning | 1495 | −1.55 (0.51)** | 0.17 | −1.45 (0.51)** | 0.16 | −2.02 (1.04)T |
| HVLT: Trial 1 | 1495 | −1.66 (0.55)** | 0.17 | −1.81 (0.54)*** | 0.19 | −2.11 (1.11)T |
| HVLT: total Trials 1–3 | 1495 | −1.44 (0.55)** | 0.15 | −1.09 (0.54)* | 0.11 | −1.79 (1.10)T |
| Attention and concentration | 1320 | −1.01 (0.43)* | 0.14 | −1.21 (0.42)** | 0.17 | −0.34 (0.86) |
| Stroop Trials 1 and 2 | 1475 | −1.54 (0.62)* | 0.14 | −1.68 (0.61)** | 0.15 | −1.29 (1.25) |
| Trail Making Test part A | 1493 | −0.51 (0.57) | 0.05 | −1.05 (0.56)T | 0.10 | −1.17 (1.15) |
| LNS attention | 1334 | −1.64 (0.61)** | 0.16 | −1.10 (0.61)T | 0.11 | 0.30 (1.24) |
| Executive functions | 1252 | −0.44 (0.49) | 0.05 | −1.36 (0.49)** | 0.17 | 0.23 (0.99) |
| Stroop Trial 3 | 1430 | −0.50 (0.72) | 0.04 | −1.66 (0.71)* | 0.13 | −1.58 (1.45) |
| Trail Making Test part B | 1455 | −0.45 (0.58) | 0.04 | −1.42 (0.58)* | 0.14 | −0.56 (1.17) |
| LNS working memory | 1299 | −0.63 (0.65) | 0.06 | −0.81 (0.64) | 0.08 | 1.37 (1.12) |
| Psychomotor speed | 1487 | −0.80 (0.54) | 0.08 | −1.31 (0.54)* | 0.14 | −1.40 (1.09) |
| Fluency | 1486 | −0.21 (0.48) | 0.02 | −0.51 (0.42) | 0.06 | 0.59 (0.97) |
| Fine motor skills | 1442 | 0.21 (0.58) | 0.02 | −0.28 (0.58) | 0.03 | 0.04 (1.18) |
All models are adjusted for site, marijuana use, crack, cocaine, and/or heroin use, smoking, heavy alcohol use, antidepressants, HCV, income, study site, and number of previous cognitive test exposure
HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, LNS Letter-Number Sequence, Stress perceived stress scale, B parameter estimates, SE standard errors
***
p<0.001;
**
p<0.01;
*
p<0.05;
T
p>0.05;
p<0.10