Table 2. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics and univariate analyses of safe delivery services according to ecological zones in Nepal, NDHS-2011.
| Mountain zone | Hill zone | Terai zone | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Safe delivery 245(%) | Total 1,516 | OR & 95%CI | Safe delivery 636(%) | Total 2,872 | OR & 95%CI | Safe delivery 933(%) | Total 2,681 | OR & 95%CI |
| Age | |||||||||
| 15–19 yrs | 30(44.8) | 67 | 1.0 | 57(50.9) | 112 | 1.0 | 115(73.7) | 156 | 1.0 |
| 20–24 yrs | 113(33.2) | 340 | 0.6(0.4–1.1) | 256(37.8) | 677 | 0.6(0.4–0.9) | 367(50.5) | 727 | 0.4(0.3–0.5) |
| 25–29 yrs | 69(15.4) | 448 | 0.2(0.1–0.4) | 206(24.6) | 838 | 0.3(0.2–0.5) | 303(33.4) | 908 | 0.2(0.1–0.3) |
| 30+ yrs | 33(5.0) | 661 | 0.07(0.04–0.1) | 117(9.4) | 1,245 | 0.1(0.07–0.2) | 148(16.6) | 890 | 0.07(0.05–0.1) |
| P value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 28(38.9) | 71 | 1.0 | 216(51.7) | 417 | 1.0 | 339(46.9) | 723 | 1.0 |
| Rural | 217(15.0) | 1,445 | 0.3(0.17–0.5) | 420(17.1) | 2,455 | 0.2(0.16–0.24) | 594(30.3) | 1,958 | 0.5(0.4–0.6) |
| P value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Woman’s education | |||||||||
| No formal education | 65(6.5) | 1,004 | 1.0 | 133(8.7) | 1,529 | 1.0 | 307(20.4) | 1,506 | 1.0 |
| Primary | 69(28.2) | 245 | 5.7(4.0–8.0) | 113(20.4) | 554 | 2.7(2.0–3.5) | 169(38.6) | 438 | 2.5(2.0–3.1) |
| Secondary & above | 111(41.6) | 267 | 10(7.0–1.5) | 390(49.5) | 789 | 10(8.0–13.0) | 457(62) | 737 | 6.4(5.0–7.7) |
| P value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Husband’s education | |||||||||
| No formal education | 21(5.0) | 420 | 1.0 | 48(6.5) | 735 | 1.0 | 127(15.8) | 804 | 1.0 |
| Primary | 47(9.4) | 500 | 2.0(1.2–3.4) | 115(14.4) | 796 | 2.4(1.7–3.4) | 188(30.0) | 626 | 2.3(1.8–3.0) |
| Secondary | 141(29.5) | 478 | 8.0(5.0–13.0) | 335(30.8) | 1,089 | 6.0(4.6–8.8) | 465(45.1) | 1,032 | 4.0(3.5–5.5) |
| Higher | 36(30.5) | 118 | 8.3(4.6–15.0) | 138(54.8) | 252 | 17(11.8–25.0) | 153(69.9) | 219 | 12.0(8.7–17.0) |
| P value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Hindu | 204(16.2) | 1,263 | 1.0 | 555(22.4) | 2,474 | 1.0 | 819(36.9) | 2,218 | 1.0 |
| Budh/Muslim/Kirat/Christian | 41(16.2) | 253 | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 81(20.4) | 398 | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 114(24.6) | 463 | 0.6(0.4–0.7) |
| P value | 0.98 | 0.35 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Woman’s occupation | |||||||||
| Not working outside home | 29(50.0) | 58 | 1.0 | 164(42.9) | 380 | 1.0 | 473(44.2) | 1071 | 1.0 |
| Skilled/unskilled working | 46(34.6) | 132 | 0.5(0.3–1.0) | 132(46) | 285 | 1(0.8–1.5) | 148(39.4) | 376 | 0.8(0.6–1.0) |
| Agriculture | 170(12.8) | 1,326 | 0.15(0.1–0.3) | 340(15.4) | 2,207 | 0.24(0.2–0.3) | 312(25.3) | 1,234 | 0.43(0.4–0.5) |
| P–value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Husband’s occupation | |||||||||
| Unskilled work | 22(8.6) | 255 | 1.0 | 79(13.9) | 568 | 1.0 | 105(25.6) | 412 | 1.0 |
| Skilled work | 161(25.5) | 631 | 0.3(0.2–0.4) | 434(32.6) | 1,330 | 0.33(0.3–0.4) | 677(41.5) | 1,632 | 0.5(0.4–0.6) |
| Agriculture | 62(9.8) | 630 | 0.32(0.2–0.4) | 123(12.6) | 974 | 0.3(0.2–0.37) | 151(23.7) | 637 | 0.4(0.36–0.5) |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Wealth quintile | |||||||||
| Poor | 132(10.6) | 1,294 | 1.0 | 244(11.9) | 2,051 | 1.0 | 182(19.1) | 953 | 1.0 |
| Middle | 69(35.4) | 195 | 4.6(3.0–6.5) | 89(33.1) | 270 | 3.7(2.8–4.9) | 209(34.0) | 615 | 2.0(1.7–2.8) |
| Rich | 44(57.1) | 77 | 11(7.0–18.0) | 303(55.1) | 551 | 9.0(7.0–11) | 542(48.7) | 1,113 | 4.0(3.6–4.9) |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Frequency to listening radio/reading/newspaper/magazine | |||||||||
| Not at all | 26(8.5) | 306 | 1.0 | 81(12.5) | 648 | 1.0 | 173(22.9) | 755 | 1.0 |
| Less than once a week | 76(13.9) | 547 | 1.7(1.1–2.8) | 183(17.1) | 1,071 | 1.4(1.1–1.9) | 399(33.5) | 1,189 | 1.7(1.4–2.1) |
| At least once a week | 143(21.6) | 663 | 3.0(1.9–4.6) | 372(32.3) | 1,153 | 3.3(2.6–4.3) | 361(49.0) | 736 | 3.2(2.6–4.0) |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Birth order | |||||||||
| 1st | 122(22.7) | 537 | 1.0 | 329(29.3) | 1,123 | 1.0 | 460(40.5) | 1,137 | 1.0 |
| 2nd | 62(16.5) | 376 | 0.7(0.5–0.9) | 174(23.5) | 741 | 0.7(0.6–0.9) | 260(35.3) | 737 | 0.8(0.7–0.9) |
| 3rd+ | 61(10.1) | 603 | 0.4(0.3–0.5) | 133(13.2) | 1,008 | 0.4(0.3–0.46) | 213(26.4) | 807 | 0.5(0.4–0.6) |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Child status | |||||||||
| Alive | 231(16.9) | 1,367 | 1.0 | 605(23.5) | 2,609 | 1.0 | 894(36.3) | 2,464 | 1.0 |
| Dead | 14(19.4) | 149 | 0.5(0.3–0.9) | 31(11.8) | 263 | 0.4(0.3–0.7) | 39(18.0) | 217 | 0.4(0.3–0.6) |
| P-value | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||