Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analyses of socioeconomic and demographic predictors related to ANC and safe delivery services in Nepal.
| Variable | Antenatal care | Safe delivery | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Multivariate | Univariate | Multivariate | |
| OR & 95% CI | OR & 95% CI | OR & 95% CI | OR & 95% CI | |
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 yrs | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 20–24 yrs | 0.2(0.2–0.3) | 0.1(0.09–0.2) | 0.5(0.4–0.6) | 0.4(0.3–0.6) |
| 25–29 yrs | 0.1(0.07–0.1) | 0.03(0.02–0.1) | 0.2(0.19–0.3) | 0.2(0.1–0.2) |
| 30+ yrs | 0.04(0.03–0.1) | 0.01(0.01–0.02) | 0.08(0.06–0.1) | 0.1(0.06–0.1) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.6(0.6–0.7) | 0.8(0.7–0.9) | 0.3(0.3–0.3) | 0.6(0.5–0.7) |
| Zones | ||||
| Mountain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Hill | 1.2(1.0–1.3) | 1.2(0.9–1.4) | 1.5(1.3–1.7) | 1.2(0.9–1.4) |
| Terai | 1.3(1.2–1.5) | 1.1(0.9–1.5) | 2.8(2.4–3.2) | 1.7(1.2–2.1) |
| Women’s education | ||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 2.0(1.8–2.3) | 1.5(1.3–1.8) | 2.8(2.4–3.2) | 1.7(1.4–2.0) |
| Secondary & above | 3.6(3.2–4.1) | 2.9(2.4–3.4) | 8.0(7.0–9.0) | 2.9(2.4–3.5) |
| Husband education | ||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 1.5(1.3–1.7) | 1.2(1.03–1.4) | 2.0(1.7–2.4) | 1.3(1.04–1.6) |
| Secondary | 2.6(2.3–3.0) | 1.7(1.4–2.0) | 5.1(4.3–6.04) | 1.7(1.4–2.1) |
| Higher | 4.1(3.4–5.0) | 2.5(1.9–3.3) | 11.2(9.0–13.9) | 2.3(1.72–3.1) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Budh/Muslim/Kirat/Christian | 0.9(0.8–1.1) | 1.1(0.1–1.2) | 0.7(0.6–0.9) | 0.8(0.7–0.9) |
| Woman’s occupation | ||||
| Not working outside home | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Skilled/unskilled working | 1.1(0.9–1.2) | 1.2(0.9–1.5) | 0.9(0.7–1.1) | 0.9(0.8–1.2) |
| Agriculture | 0.6(0.5–0.7) | 1.0(0.9–1.2) | 0.3(0.2–0.3) | 0.6(0.6–0.8) |
| Husband’s occupation | ||||
| Unskilled work | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Skilled work | 0.7(0.6–0.8) | 1.0(0.9–1.3) | 0.4(0.3–0.4) | 0.8(0.7–0.9) |
| Agriculture | 0.6(0.6–0.7) | 1.0(0.9–1.2) | 0.3(0.3–0.4) | 0.7(0.6–0.9) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Middle | 1.8(1.6–2.1) | 1.3(1.1–1.6) | 3.4(2.9–4.0) | 1.6(1.3–1.9) |
| Rich | 1.6(2.0–2.5) | 1.4(1.2–1.7) | 7.0(6.1–7.9) | 1.8(1.5–2.2) |
| Frequency to listening radio/reading newspaper/magazine | ||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Less than once a week | 1.3(1.2–1.5) | 1.1(0.9–1.3) | 1.6(1.3–1.8) | 1.1(0.9–1.3) |
| At least once a week | 1.9(1.6–2.1) | 1.2(1.0–1.5) | 2.7(2.3–3.1) | 1.4(1.1–1.7) |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1st | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd | 1.5(1.3–1.7) | 3.8(3.2–4.4) | 0.8(0.7–0.9) | 1.3(1.1–1.5) |
| 3rd+ | 1.5(1.4–1.7) | 13.6(11.3–16.5) | 0.4(0.4–0.5) | 2.0(1.7–2.5) |
| Child status | ||||
| Alive | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Dead | 0.2(0.2–0.3) | 0.2(0.2–0.3) | 0.4(0.3–0.5) | 0.6(0.5–0.8) |