Table 5.
Stillbirth Characteristics by Latent Classes Constructed From Gestational Age at Stillbirth, Timing of Stillbirth in Relation to Labor, and Probable and Possible Causes of Deatha
| Latent 4-Class Solution, No. (%)b |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Class 1 (n = 76) |
Class 2 (n = 138) |
Class 3 (n = 126) |
Class 4 (n = 172) |
| Clustering Characteristics | ||||
| Gestational age, wk | ||||
| 18–19 | 7 (9.2) | 3 (2.2) | 0 | 0 |
| 20–23 | 66 (86.8) | 94(68.1) | 0 | 0 |
| 24–27 | 3 (3.9) | 41 (29.7) | 45 (35.7) | 0 |
| 28–31 | 0 | 0 | 72 (57.1) | 0 |
| 32–36 | 0 | 0 | 9(7.1) | 88(51.2) |
| >37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 84 (48.8) |
| Intrapartum | 76(100.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (5.2) |
| Cause of death | ||||
| Obstetric complications | 76(100.0) | 24(17.4) | 23(18.3) | 27(15.7) |
| Placental disease | 5 (6.6) | 32 (23.2) | 43(34.1) | 41 (23.8) |
| Fetal genetic/structural | 2 (2.6) | 24(17.4) | 18(14.3) | 26(15.1) |
| Infection | 20 (26.3) | 21 (15.2) | 7 (5.6) | 18(10.5) |
| Umbilical cord abnormalities | 7 (9.2) | 12(8.7) | 9(7.1) | 25(14.5) |
| Hypertensive disorders | 3 (3.9) | 5 (3.6) | 27(21.4) | 12(7.0) |
| Medical complications | 2 (2.6) | 13(9.4) | 9(7.1) | 16(9.3) |
| Association Characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (P < .001)c | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 14(18.4) | 57(41.6) | 43(34.1) | 69(40.1) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 36 (47.4) | 28 (20.4) | 23(18.3) | 28(16.3) |
| Hispanic | 23 (30.3) | 42 (30.7) | 46 (36.5) | 65 (37.8) |
| Other | 3 (3.9) | 10(7.3) | 14(11.1) | 10(5.8) |
a
Some stillbirths had more than 1 probable or possible cause.
b
The 4-class solution was selected based on model fit indices (Akaike information criteria, Bayesian information criteria, and sample size-adjusted Akaike information criteria) and interpretability. The 2-class solution separated early from late gestational age at death; whereas the 3-class solution distinguished early, mid, and late. The 4-class solution further separated early by intrapartum/antepartum.
c
Race/ethnicity classification not available for 1 case.