Table 5.
Dichotomous Moderator Results for Medication Adherence: Treatment vs. Control at Outcome
| Moderator | k | Effect size | Standard error |
Qbetween |
p (Qbetween) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Report Moderators | |||||
| Publication status | 0.000 | .996 | |||
| Published articles | 46 | 0.592 | 0.090 | ||
| Dissertations | 2 | 0.591 | 0.225 | ||
| Location of primary research | 2.493 | .114 | |||
| Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia | 20 | 0.444 | 0.113 | ||
| North America | 28 | 0.699 | 0.115 | ||
| Presence of funding for research | 2.024 | .155 | |||
| Funded | 32 | 0.655 | 0.101 | ||
| Unfunded | 16 | 0.420 | 0.131 | ||
| Source of funding for research | 1.672 | .196 | |||
| Funding from for-profit source | 8 | 0.948 | 0.257 | ||
| Funding from not-for-profit source | 22 | 0.583 | 0.117 | ||
| Research Methods Moderators | |||||
| Allocation to treatment groups | 0.003 | .958 | |||
| Randomization of individual subjects | 34 | 0.595 | 0.102 | ||
| Subjects not individually randomized | 14 | 0.586 | 0.132 | ||
| Allocation concealment | 3.807 | .051 | |||
| Allocation concealed | 6 | 0.276 | 0.161 | ||
| Did not report allocation concealed | 42 | 0.636 | 0.090 | ||
| Data collector masking | 4.088 | .043 | |||
| Data collectors masked to group assignment | 5 | 0.289 | 0.136 | ||
| Did not report data collectors masked to group assignment | 43 | 0.625 | 0.096 | ||
| Intention-to-treat approach | 0.804 | .370 | |||
| Reported intention-to-treat approach | 9 | 0.429 | 0.210 | ||
| Did not report intention-to-treat approach | 39 | 0.636 | 0.097 | ||
| Outcome data | |||||
| Continuous outcome data in primary report | 18 | 1.160 | 0.235 | ||
| Dichotomous outcome data in primary report | 33 | 0.535 | 0.106 | ||
| Medication adherence measure: pharmacy refill | 7.522 | .006 | |||
| Pharmacy refill data | 8 | 1.044 | 0.201 | ||
| Study did not use pharmacy refill data | 40 | 0.455 | 0.075 | ||
| Medication adherence measure: pill count | 0.069 | .792 | |||
| Pill count data | 15 | 0.628 | 0.167 | ||
| Study did not use pill counts to measure medication adherence | 33 | 0.577 | 0.100 | ||
| Medication adherence measure: drug metabolite | 1.167 | .280 | |||
| Drug metabolite data | 5 | 0.418 | 0.149 | ||
| Study did not use drug metabolite data | 43 | 0.609 | 0.095 | ||
| Medication adherence measure: self-report | 11.692 | .001 | |||
| Self-report data | 12 | 0.247 | 0.080 | ||
| Study did not use self-report to measure medication adherence | 36 | 0.715 | 0.111 | ||
| Sample Characteristic Moderators | |||||
| Sample socio-economic status | 0.388 | .533 | |||
| Reported low socio-economic status | 6 | 0.737 | 0.245 | ||
| Did not report low socio-economic status | 42 | 0.574 | 0.093 | ||
| Sample with cognitive impairment | 15.682 | <.001 | |||
| Reported subjects had cognitive impairment | 5 | 0.074 | 0.115 | ||
| Did not report cognitively impaired subjects | 43 | 0.649 | 0.088 | ||
| Sample selected for poor medication adherence | 0.719 | 0.396 | |||
| Reported sample selected for poor medication adherence | 6 | 0.835 | 0.301 | ||
| Did not report targeting subjects with poor medication adherence | 42 | 0.568 | 0.093 | ||
| Intervention Feature Moderators | |||||
| Pill boxes vs. blister packs | 6.255 | .012 | |||
| Pill boxes | 28 | 0.384 | 0.072 | ||
| Blister packs | 20 | 0.802 | 0.151 | ||
| Packaging recommended to patients vs. given to patients | 0.300 | .584 | |||
| Recommended to patients | 6 | 0.379 | 0.153 | ||
| Given to patients | 17 | 0.483 | 0.112 | ||
| Intervention exclusively packaging vs. other interventions | 0.019 | .890 | |||
| Medication intervention exclusively packaging | 15 | 0.573 | 0.192 | ||
| Intervention included packaging and other strategies | 33 | 0.602 | 0.101 | ||
| Interventionist: physician | 5.992 | .014 | |||
| Physician interventionist | 9 | 0.269 | 0.121 | ||
| Study did not report physician interventionist | 39 | 0.641 | 0.093 | ||
| Interventionist: pharmacist | 3.126 | .077 | |||
| Pharmacist interventionist | 18 | 0.782 | 0.146 | ||
| Study did not report pharmacist interventionist | 30 | 0.475 | 0.095 | ||
| Interventionist: nurse | 4.734 | .030 | |||
| Nurse interventionist | 10 | 0.295 | 0.135 | ||
| Study did not report nurse interventionist | 38 | 0.661 | 0.101 | ||
| Intervention location: inpatient | 13.930 | <.001 | |||
| Intervention delivered while subjects was an inpatient | 10 | 0.194 | 0.089 | ||
| Study did not report inpatient location | 38 | 0.704 | 0.104 | ||
| Intervention location: ambulatory care clinic | 6.838 | .009 | |||
| Intervention delivered in ambulatory care clinic | 19 | 0.334 | 0.095 | ||
| Study did not report clinic as location for intervention | 29 | 0.710 | 0.108 | ||
| Intervention location: pharmacy | 4.326 | 0.038 | |||
| Intervention delivered in pharmacy | 11 | 0.945 | 0.103 | ||
| Study did not report intervention delivered in pharmacy | 37 | 0.485 | 0.196 | ||
k denotes number of comparisons, effect size is standardized mean difference, Q is a conventional homogeneity statistic.