Table 2.
Predictors of change in caregiver strain.
| Table 2a: Bivariate Model Predictors | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objective | Externalizing | Internalizing | |||||||
| B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | |
| Child Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
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| Child age | 0.01 | 0.01 | .63 | < 0.01 | 0.01 | .81 | 0.02 | 0.01 | .079 |
| Child gender | 0.04 | 0.07 | .52 | −0.01 | 0.10 | .88 | −0.07 | 0.08 | .42 |
| Child race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Caucasian+ v. Latino/Hispanic | −0.07 | 0.08 | .35 | −0.05 | 0.08 | .51 | −0.07 | 0.09 | .42 |
| Caucasian v. African American | −0.06 | .11 | .55 | 0.14 | 0.11 | .21 | 0.06 | 0.13 | .63 |
| Caucasian v. Other/Mixed | −0.17 | 0.10 | .083 | −0.18 | 0.11 | .093 | −0.05 | 0.11 | .64 |
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| Child Clinical Factors | |||||||||
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| Primary diagnosis | |||||||||
| DBD v. ADHD | 0.19 | 0.08 | .021 | 0.09 | 0.08 | .25 | 0.05 | 0.10 | .62 |
| DBD v. Mood | 0.26 | 0.09 | .006 | 0.02 | 0.09 | .83 | 0.05 | 0.11 | .64 |
| DBD v. Anxiety | 0.04 | 0.12 | .76 | −0.06 | 0.12 | .61 | −0.21 | 0.15 | .15 |
| DBD v. ASD/Other | 0.29 | 0.12 | .017 | −0.02 | 0.12 | .89 | 0.07 | 0.15 | .62 |
| Diagnostic comorbidity | 0.02 | 0.06 | .75 | −0.05 | 0.06 | .46 | 0.01 | 0.08 | .90 |
| Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .005 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .035 |
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| Caregiver/Family Clinical Factors | |||||||||
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| Brief Symptom Inventory | −0.01 | < 0.01 | .017 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .18 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .71 |
| Family Relationship Inventory | 0.01 | 0.01 | .20 | 0.01 | 0.01 | .33 | < −0.01 | 0.01 | .84 |
| Life Events Questionnaire* | −0.08 | 0.06 | .15 | −0.12 | 0.05 | .018 | 0.02 | 0.07 | .72 |
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| Treatment Characteristics | |||||||||
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| Psychotherapy Services | |||||||||
| Number of visits | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .97 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .40 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .45 |
| Frequency of visits | −0.19 | 0.16 | .24 | 0.05 | 0.14 | .71 | −0.07 | 0.17 | .70 |
| Medication Use | |||||||||
| Antipsychotics | −0.06 | 0.19 | .75 | −0.08 | 0.19 | .66 | −0.08 | 0.24 | .74 |
| Antidepressants | −0.14 | 0.24 | .55 | < 0.01 | 0.21 | .98 | −0.24 | 0.28 | .39 |
| ADHD medication | −0.25 | 0.13 | .055 | 0.05 | 0.13 | .72 | −0.05 | 0.17 | .76 |
| Mood stabilizers/antiepileptics | −0.48 | 0.23 | .032 | −0.28 | 0.22 | .20 | −0.20 | 0.29 | .49 |
| Primary referral source | |||||||||
| Self v. School staff | 0.07 | 0.09 | .40 | 0.08 | 0.08 | .31 | 0.18 | 0.09 | .054 |
| Self v. Other | 0.10 | 0.08 | .23 | −0.03 | 0.08 | .65 | 0.16 | 0.09 | .095 |
| Table 2b: Multivariable Models | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objective | Subjective Externalized | Subjective Internalized | |||||||
| B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | B | SE | p-value | |
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| Child symptom severity | −0.51 | 0.29 | < .00001 | < −0.01 | < −0.01 | .005 | < −0.01 | < 0.01 | .099 |
| Mood stabilizer use | −0.80 | 0.22 | .0002 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Self v. school referral source | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.17 | 0.07 | .076 |
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| Final overall model | −0.33 | 0.07 | < .00001 | −0.15 | 0.03 | < .00001 | −0.45 | 0.05 | < .00001 |
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Note: Results of marginal and significant predictors are italicized. All categorical variables with three groups or more were dummy coded, with the following reference groups: + non-Hispanic Caucasian (race/ethnicity), some high school or less (parent education), Disruptive Behavior Disorder (primary diagnosis), and self-referral (referral source). For the two binary variables, male gender and Medi-Cal funding were coded as 0. An asterisk (*) indicates a square-root transformation.