Table S1.

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system codes used to identify bronchodilator initiators

Medication class	Therapeutic chemicals	ATC codes	Marketing year in Taiwan
Oral bronchodilators
Oral beta-2 agonists	Salbutamol	R03CC02	1974
Oral beta-2 agonists	Terbutaline	R03CC03	1979
Oral beta-2 agonists	Fenoterol	R03CC04	1979
Oral beta-2 agonists	Hexoprenaline	R03CC05	1982
Oral beta-2 agonists	Procaterol	R03CC08	1985
Oral beta-2 agonists	Trimetoquinol	R03CC09	1975
Oral beta-2 agonists	Bambuterol	R03CC12	1993
Oral beta-2 agonists	Clenbuterol	R03CC13	1988
Oral beta-2 agonists	Formoterol	R03CC91	1993
Oral xanthines	Theophylline	R03DA04	1972
Oral xanthines	Aminophylline	R03DA05	1970
Inhaled short-acting bronchodilators
SABAs	Salbutamol	R03AC02	1989
SABAs	Terbutaline	R03AC03	1989
SABAs	Fenoterol	R03AC04	1992
SABAs	Hexoprenaline	R03AC06	1995
SAMAs	Ipratropium	R03BB01	1981
SABA/SAMA FDCsa	Fenoterol/Ipratropium	R03AK03	1986
SABA/SAMA FDCsa	Salbutamol/Ipratropium	R03AK04	2000
Inhaled long-acting bronchodilators
LABAs	Salmeterol	R03AC12	1996
LABAs	Formoterol	R03AC13	2000
LABAs	Procaterol	R03AC16	1989
LABAs	Indacaterol	R03AC18	2010
LAMAs	Tiotropium	R03BB04	2003
LABA/ICS FDCs	Salmeterol/Fluticasone	R03AK06	2001
LABA/ICS FDCs	Formoterol/Budesonide	R03AK07	2001

Notes:

^aPrescriptions with SABA/SAMA FDCs were simultaneously assigned into use of SABAs and use of SAMAs.

Abbreviations: FDCs, fixed dose combinations; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABAs, long-acting beta-2 agonists; LAMAs, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; SABAs, short-acting beta agonists; SAMAs, short-acting muscarinic antagonists.