Table 1.
Summary of most commonly used techniques for premortem identification of transplanted cells
| Imaging technique | Source of signal | Detected parameters |
|---|---|---|
| SPECT/PET | Radioisotopes: | Radiation |
| •18F | ||
| •188Re (theranostic) | ||
| •Gene/probe system (eg, hERL and 18F-FES) | ||
| Fluoroscopy X-ray | Heavy elements | X-ray radiation |
| Ultrasonography | Bubbles | Echoes of ultrasonic waves |
| MRI | Nanoparticles of: | Changes of water relaxation time or magnetic susceptibility |
| •Iron | ||
| •Manganese | ||
| •Gadolinium | ||
| •Fluorine | ||
| •Genetic-based strategy (S-Gal™) | ||
| CEST, PARACEST | Reporter genes: | Proton exchange between solutes and water |
| •LRP | ||
| •hPRM-1 | ||
| •HSV1-TK | ||
| •Carboxypeptidase G2 | ||
| BLI | Reporter genes: | Photons |
| •Firefly luciferase | ||
| •CycLuc1 | ||
| •RLuc | ||
| •Tenilla | ||
| Optoacoustic MSOT | Gold: | Acoustic wave |
| •Nanoparticle | ||
| •Nanorods | ||
| •Nanocages | ||
| •IRFP |
Abbreviations: SPECT, single-photon emission computed tomography; PET, positron emission tomography; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CEST, chemical exchange saturation transfer; PARACEST, paramagnetic CEST; BLI, bioluminescent imaging; MSOT, multispectral optoacoustic tomography; HSV1-TK, herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase; LRP, lysine-rich protein; hPRM-1, human protamine 1; IRFP, infrared fluorescent protein.