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Penetration, aspiration, and pharyngeal residue detected on endoscopist-directed flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. (A) Penetration was defined when food material entered the laryngeal vestibule but did not pass below the true vocal cords. (B) Aspiration was defined as food material entering the airway below the true vocal cords. (C) Pharyngeal residue was defined as retention of >15% of a given entire material in valleculae or the pyriform sinuses.
