Lithium up-regulates TH protein expression levels in the striatum (ST) and the brain stem (BS) in vivo. No MPTP+Saline (A), MPTP+Saline (B), MPTP+Lithium (C), MPTP+Sinemet® (D), and, MPTP+Lithium+Sinemet® (E). Background corrected density of TH immunostaining in the ST was quantitated (F). Numbers of TH+ cells (G) and Girk2+ cells (H) in the SNpc were stereological counted and quantitated via one-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s post hoc test (n=6–8 each): *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, Bar: 250 µm.