Table 2.

The parameters and regimen of diode laser applied in included studies

Study ID	Type of laser	Wavelength	Output/energy (density)	Total dose per point (tooth)	Time of exposure	Method of application	Frequency of laser treatment
Eslamian et al. [33]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	810 nm	100 mW, 2 J/cm2	2 J/point, 20 J/tooth	200 s/tooth	Perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth on 5 points of the buccal and lingual side (10 points/tooth)	Immediately after separator placement and 24 h later
Heravi et al. [34]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	810 nm	200 mW, 21.4 J/cm2	6 J/point, 60 J/tooth	300 s/tooth	Perpendicular in contact with the mucosa on 5 points of the buccal and lingual side (10 points/tooth)	Day 0, 4, 7, 11, 15, 28, 32, 35, 39, 43 and 56
Abtahi et al. [35]	GaAs laser, high pulse mode	904 nm	200 mW	1.5 J/point, 6 J/tooth	30 s/tooth	Perpendicular in contact with the gum on 2 points of the vestibular and lingual side (4 points/tooth)	Immediately after separation and once daily for the following 4 days
Artés-Ribas et al. [36]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	830 nm	100 mW, 5 J/cm2	2 J/point, 12 J/tooth	120 s/tooth	In contact with the mucosa on 3 points of the buccal and palatal side (6 points/tooth)	Single application (immediately after separator placement)
Domínguez and Velásquez [37]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	830 nm	100 mW, 80 J/cm2	2.2 J/area, 4.4 J/ tooth	44 s/tooth	Scanned 1 mm from the mucosa along the vestibular and palatal surface of the root (2 areas/tooth)	Single application
Bicakci et al. [38]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	820 nm	50 mW, 7.96 J/cm2	0.25 J/point, 1 J/ tooth	20 s/tooth	In direct contact on 4 points around the tooth (4 points/tooth)	Immediately after band placement and 24 h later
Doshi-Mehta and Bhad-Patil [39]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	800 nm	100 mW	0.8 J/point, 8 J/tooth	80 s/tooth	In direct contact on 5 points of the buccal and lingual side (10 points/tooth)	Day 0, 3, 7 and 14 in the 1st month, every 15th day until complete canine retraction on the laser side
Angelieri et al. [40]	ArGaAl laser	780 nm	20 mW, 5 J/cm2	0.2 J/point, 2 J/tooth	100 s /tooth	Perpendicular in contact with the mucosa on 5 points of the buccal and lingual side (10 points/tooth)	Immediately after spring activation, day 3 and 7
Lim et al. [41]	GaAsA1 laser, continuous mode	830 nm	30 mW	0.45, 0.9, 1.8 J/tooth	15, 30 and 60 s/tooth	Applied onto the buccal mucosa overlying the middle third of the root (1 point/tooth)	Immediately after separator placement and the following 4 days
Kim et al. [42]	AlGaInP laser	635 nm	6 mW, 10 mJ	0.18 J/point, 0.72 J/tooth	120 s/tooth	In direct contact with the mucosa on 2 areas of the buccal and lingual side (4 points/tooth)	Immediately after separator placement and every 12 h for 1 week
Marini et al. [32]	GaAs laser, superpulse mode	910 nm	160 mW	9 J/point, 18 J/tooth	113 s/tooth	Applied on the cervical third of buccal and lingual gingiva (2 points/tooth)	Single application (immediately after separator placement)
Nobrega et al. [43]	GaAsA1 laser	830 nm	40.6 mW, 1 or 2 J/cm2	5 J/tooth	125 s/tooth	Applied on root apex and along the root axis on the buccal side (4 points/tooth)	Single application (immediately after separator placement)
Tortamano et al. [44]	GaAlAs laser, continuous mode	830 nm	30 mW, 0.5 J/cm2	0.48 J/point, 4.8 J/tooth	160 s/ tooth	Applied on 5 areas of the buccal and lingual mucosa overlying the dental root (10 points/tooth)	Single application (immediately after archwire placement)
Turhani et al. [45]	Diode laser continuous mode	670 nm	75 mW, 4.2 J/cm2	2.25 J/tooth	30 s/tooth	At a distance of 5 to 8 mm with a right angle to the mucosa at the level of the biomechanical centre of resistance (1 point/tooth)	Single application (immediately after archwire placement)