Table I.
Comparison between CH3NH3PbI3-based perovskites and other photovoltaic technologies. Perovskites have many of the advantages of polycrystalline semiconductors such as CIGS and CdTe, but they are processed from solution-like organic materials or quantum dots. Material characteristics refer to values measured for materials similar to those used in the highest performing solar cells
| Photovoltaic technology | Power conversion efficiency* (%)[1] | Absorption coefficient (cm−1)† | Diffusion length (μm)‡ | Carrier mobility (cm2 Vs)‡ | Carrier lifetime | Band gap (eV) | Loss-in- potential (eV)§ | External radiative efficiency (%) | Stability∥ | Main element | Energy-pay-back time (years) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | Toxic | |||||||||||
| c-Sib–f | 25.6 ± 0.5 | 102 | 100–300 | 10–103 | 4 ms | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.3 | >25 years | – | – | 1.7–4 |
| GaAs (thin film)g–j | 28.8 ± 0.9 | 104 | 1–5 | >103 | 50 ns¶ | 1.4 | 0.3 | 25 | >20 years | Ga | As | 2.3–5 |
| CIGSk–r | 21.7 ± 0.6 | 103–104 | 0.3–0.9 | 10–102 | 250 ns | 1.1 | 0.3 | 10−1 | >8 years | In, Ga | – | 0.3 |
| CdTes–v | 21.0 ± 0.4 | 103 | 0.4–1.6 | 10 | 20 ns | 1.5 | 0.6 | 10−3 | >4.5 years | Te | Cd | 0.5–1.1 |
| Dye-sensitizedw–y | 13.0 ± 0.5 y | 103–104 | 0.005–0.02 | 10−2–10 | 1 ns** | 1.6 | 0.7 | 10−6 | <20 months | Co | – | 0.5–1.5 |
| Organicz–hh | 11.1 ± 0.3 | 103–105 | 0.005–0.01 | 10−5–10−4†† | 10-100 μs†† | 1.6 | 0.7 | 10−7 | <25 days | – | – | 0.2–4 |
| Quantum dot (PbS)ii–nn | 9.2 ± 0.2ii | 102–103 | 0.08–0.2 | 10−4–10−2 | 30 μs | 1.3 | 0.8 | 10−4 | <6 days | – | Pb | 1.51 |
| Perovskiteoo–rr | 20.1 ± 0.4 | 103–104 | 0.1–1.9 | 2–66 | 270 ns | 1.6 | 0.5 | 10−2 | 4–42 days | – | Pb | 0.9 |
* Under AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2; † At 300 K in the vicinity of the band edge; ‡ Of the minority carrier (c-Si, GaAs, CIGS, CdTe, perovskite) or the exciton (dye-sensitized, organic, quantum dot); § EG–qVoc (band gap—open circuit voltage); ∥ Period at which the efficiency becomes 80% of the initial value; ¶ Corrected for photon-recycling effects; ** Of a dye in solution, not on TiO2; †† Of the donor–acceptor blends, not the pristine material.
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