Table 2. Baseline characteristic associations with bone mineral density of the total hip and lumbar spine.

	Total hip		Lumbar spine
	Parameter estimate (SE)	p value	Parameter estimate (SE)	p value
Country (Uganda vs. Zimbabwe)	−0.0570 (0.0104)	<0.001	−0.0467 (0.0094)	<0.001
Age (years)	0.0019 (0.0011)	0.074	−0.0003 (0.0010)	0.785
BMI (kg/m2)	0.0058 (0.0009)	<0.001	0.0032 (0.0009)	<0.001
Parity (per child)	0.0008 (0.0041)	0.846	−0.0076 (0.0036)	0.036
Primary school education or less	−0.0412 (0.0112)	<0.001	−0.0415 (0.0100)	<0.001
Any history of DMPA use	−0.0406 (0.0112)	<0.001	−0.0431 (0.0100)	<0.001
Duration of DMPA (months)	−0.0005 (0.0002)	0.004	−0.0006 (0.0002)	<0.001
Any oral contraceptive use	0.0496 (0.0130)	<0.001	0.0352 (0.0117)	0.003
Duration of oral contraception (months)	0.0004 (0.0001)	<0.001	0.0002 (0.0001)	0.033
Any implant use	0.0463 (0.0114)	<0.001	0.0454 (0.0102)	<0.001
Duration of implant use (months)	0.0008 (0.0004)	0.070	0.0015 (0.0004)	<0.001
Total physical activity (MET-hours/week)	0.000003 (0.000001)	0.012	0.00006 (0.00006)	0.326
Categorical physical activity		0.006		0.016
High (vs. low)	0.0455 (0.0225)	0.043	0.0359 (0.0202)	0.076
High (vs. moderate)	0.0310 (0.0111)	0.005	0.0254 (0.0100)	0.011
Any history of breastfeeding	−0.0584 (0.0416)	0.160	−0.1002 (0.0371)	0.007
Lifetime duration of breastfeeding		0.480		0.018
>5 years (vs. <2 years)	0.0046 (0.0146)	0.753	−0.0266 (0.0129)	0.040
2–5 years (vs. <2 years)	0.0147 (0.0133)	0.272	0.0021 (0.0118)	0.857
Total daily calcium (g)	−0.0009 (0.0110)	0.936	0.0039 (0.0099)	0.692
Vitamin D concentration (ng/dl)	0.0013 (0.0007)	0.044	0.0001 (0.0006)	0.900