Table 3.
Summary of the parameters characterizing the children's body postures.
| Backpacks lighter than 10% of body weight | Backpacks heavier than 10% of body weight | Mann-Whitney U test | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Range | SD | Mean | Range | SD | Z | p | |
| ThS (mm) | 375.4 | 350.3–400.5 | 25.1 | 357.0 | 320.7–393.3 | 36.3 | 2.223 | 0.026 |
| THL (mm) | 230.4 | 212.5–248.3 | 17.9 | 223.4 | 203.7–243.1 | 19.7 | 1.252 | 0.211 |
| LS (mm) | 107.0 | 90.6–123.4 | 16.4 | 98.4 | 77.7–119.1 | 20.7 | 1.454 | 0.146 |
| KKP (deg.) | 47.4 | 33.8–61.0 | 13.6 | 43.8 | 31.1–56.5 | 12.7 | 1.414 | 0.157 |
| KKL (deg.) | 26.6 | 12.3–40.9 | 14.3 | 23.9 | 12.2–35.6 | 11.7 | 1.112 | 0.266 |
| TTI (deg.) | 4.2 | 2.3–6.1 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1.4–5.4 | 2.0 | 1.345 | 0.179 |
| SCR (deg.) | 24.5 | 14.7–34.3 | 9.8 | 19.5 | 9.3–29.7 | 10.2 | 1.927 | 0.054 |
ThS (mm): total length of the spine.
THL (mm): length of the thoracic spine.
LS (mm): length of the lumbar spine.
KKP (degrees): thoracic kyphosis angle, calculated from the intersection of the tangents extending between the spinous processes of Th1 and Th2 and Th11 and Th12.
KKL (degrees): angle of lumbar lordosis, calculated from the intersection of the tangents extending between the spinous processes of L1 and L2 and L5 and S1.
TTI (degrees): total angle of anterior trunk inclination.
SCR (degrees): sacral angle in the study group (sacral angle is defined as the angle between the line connecting the spinous processes S1 and S3 and the frontal plane).
SD: standard deviation; Z: Mann-Whitney U test; p: significance level.