Table 3.

Risk factors and initial conditions

Categories and metrics	Definition/wording	Answer options	Time frame for capture	Reported by
Demographics
Age	Date of birth	dd/mm/yyyy	Baseline	Patient
Gender		Male/female	Baseline	Patient
Education level	Please indicate your highest level of schooling completeda	None, primary, secondary, tertiary	Baseline	Patient
Baseline clinical status
Glassman criteria	Symptoms	Back pain dominant (acute), leg pain dominant (acute), back pain = leg pain (acute), back pain dominant (chronic), leg pain dominant (chronic), back pain = leg pain (chronic), neurogenic claudication, cauda equina syndrome	Baseline and at time of any intervention	Provider
	Structural pathology	No study or interpretation available, age appropriate, disc pathology with normal height, disc space collapse, spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, scoliosis/kyphosis, facet pathology, non-union
	Compressive pathology	No study or interpretation available, no clinically relevant compression, central compression, lateral compression, combined central and lateral compression, recurrent compression following surgery at the same level
Pain	How would you rate your average back pain over the last week?	1–10, as per Table 1	Baseline	Patient
	How would you rate your average leg pain over the last week?	1–10, as per Table 1	Baseline	Patient
Duration of symptoms	How long have you had your current back pain?	I don’t have back pain, < 3 months, 3–12 months, 1–2 years, > 2 years	Baseline	Patient
	How long have you had pain radiating to your leg(s)?	I don’t have pain radiating to my legs, < 3 months, 3–12 months, 1–2 years, > 2 years
Smoking habits BMI	Do you smoke?	Yes/no	Baseline	Patient
	Indicate the patient’s height	Measured in cm	Baseline	Provider
	Indicate the patient’s mass	Measured in kg
Comorbidities	Indicate whether you have been diagnosed with each of the following conditions	Heart disease, hypertension, poor circulation, lung disease, diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, nervous system disease, cancer, depression, arthritis, peptic ulcer disease, hemiplegia/paraplegia, AIDS	Baseline	Patient
ASA score (surgical patients only)	Physical Status Classification System	1. healthy, 2. mild/moderate, 3. severe, 4. life threatening, 5. moribund, unknown	At time of operation	Provider
Surgical indication		Paramedian disc herniation, central disc herniation, central spinal stenosis with degenerative listhesis, central spinal stenosis without degenerative listhesis, lateral spinal stenosis, isthmic spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, segmental pain (with or without degenerative listhesis, degenerative scoliosis, other	At time of operation	Provider
Baseline functional status
Disability	ODI	As per Table 1	Baseline	Patient
Quality of life	EQ-5D-3L	As per Table 1	Baseline	Patient
Work status	What is your current work status?	As per Table 1	Baseline	Patient
		Are you working at a physically less demanding job now because of your back and/or leg pain?	As per Table 1
Duration of sick leave (if applicable)	Are you currently on sick leave from work?	Yes, full time for my back problems; yes, part time for my back problems; yes, due to another disease; no	Baseline	Patient
	If yes, for how long?	1 week or less, 1–4 weeks, 1–3 months, 3–6 months, 6–9 months, 9–12 months, 1–2 years, > 2 years
Previous treatment
Surgery	Specify any previous procedure(s) and the level(s) by ticking one or several of the boxes below	See Figure 3	Baseline	Patient
Injection therapy	Have you previously received spinal injections for your current symptoms? (e.g. epidurals, specific nerve root injections, facet injections, or discograms)	Yes/no	Baseline	Patient

^a Level of schooling using culture-specific definitions per ISCED (International Standard of Schooling Classification, UNESCO).