Table 1.

Patient and hospital characteristics associated with non-unions

	1996	2003	2009
Total no. in the sample (%)	4,517 (100)	5,292 (100)	4,190 (100)
Weighted estimates (standard error)	22,667 (1,051)	25,426 (1,187)	20,984 (1,095)
Sex
Male	11,273 (50)	11,804 (47)	9,873 (47)
Female	11,388 (50)	13,432 (53)	10,992 (53)
Age, years
0–24	2,415 (11)	2,070 (8)	1,388 (7)
25–34	3,141 (14)	2,552 (10)	1,850 (9)
35–44	4,206 (19)	4,089 (16)	2,700 (13)
45–54	3,323 (15)	4,947 (19)	3,922 (19)
55–64	2,276 (10)	3,821 (15)	3,990 (19)
≥ 65	7,307 (32)	7,947 (31)	7,134 (34)
Race
White	15,384 (68)	14,692 (58)	14,543 (69)
Black	1,458 (6)	1,342 (5)	1,159 (6)
Other or unknown	5,826 (26)	9,391 (37)	5,282 (25)
Site of fracture
Tibia	5,575 (25)	6,253 (25)	4,910 (23)
Femur	2,773 (12)	3,354 (13)	3,151 (15)
Femoral neck	2,667 (12)	2,948 (12)	2,604 (12)
Humerus	2,832 (12)	3,768 (15)	3,024 (14)
Radius	1,112 (5)	790 (3)	481 (2)
Spine	723 (3)	419 (2)	447 (2)
Other	6,985 (31)	5,134 (20)	8,050 (38)
No. of comorbidities
0	12,786 (56)	11,027 (43)	6,451 (31)
1	5,128 (23)	5,934 (23)	4,489 (21)
2	2,838 (13)	4,366 (17)	4,055 (19)
≥ 3	1,915 (8)	4,099 (16)	5,989 (29)
Admission type
Emergency	3,801 (17)	4,341 (17)	3,623 (17)
Elective	15,378 (68)	17,504 (69)	15,253 (73)
Unknown	3,489 (15)	3,581 (14)	2,109 (10)
Primary payer
Medicare	7,561 (33)	8,848 (35)	8,414 (40)
Medicaid	2,607 (11)	2,672 (11)	2,406 (11)
Private	8,679 (38)	9,737 (38)	6,956 (33)
Uninsured	3,821 (17)	4,169 (16)	3,208 (15)
Hospital size
Small	1,946 (9)	2,992 (12)	1,666 (8)
Medium	6,016 (27)	6,173 (24)	4,518 (22)
Large	14,646 (65)	16,246 (64)	14,116 (70)
Teaching hospital
No	9,765 (43)	10,820 (43)	7,607 (37)
Yes	12,844 (57)	14,590 (57)	12,694 (63)
Hospital location
Northeast	4,924 (22)	4,226 (17)	3,339 (16)
Midwest	5,050 (22)	5,755 (23)	4,739 (23)
South	7,686 (34)	9,251 (36)	8,431 (40)
West	5,007 (22)	6,193 (24)	4,476 (21)