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. 2015 Sep 10;5:14030. doi: 10.1038/srep14030

Table 1. Examples of past coatings from the literature for each combination of water and oil repellency and affinity. No method covers all four.

Surface properties Materials Contact/tilt angles Comments Ref
Hydrophilic/Oleophilic Dip coated poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS), silica nanoparticles Water: ca. 0° Oil: N/A Layer-by-layer technique used for anti-fogging coatings. No durability testing 8
Dip coated PDDA, PSS, silica nanoparticles Water: ca. 0° Oil: N/A Superhydrophilic, anti-reflective coatings. No durability testing 9
Dip coated polydimethyldiallyl- ammonium chloride (PDDA), PSS, silica nanoparticles Water: ca. 0° Oil: N/A Layer-by-layer used to create hydrophilic channels for microfluidics. No durability testing 11
Hydrophobic/Oleophilic Spray coated PTFE Water: 156° Diesel oil: <4° Applied to a mesh for oil–water separation. No durability testing 13
Spray coated acrylic polymer and organosilane modified silica particles Water: ca. 160°/ ca. 1 Oil: N/A Applied to aluminum plates for anti-icing. No durability testing 17
Spray/spin coated fluoropolymer, nanoparticles Water: 153°/8° Oil: N/A Applied to aluminum plates for anti-icing. No durability testing 18
Dip coated polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane modified silica nanoparticles Water: 157°/4° Oil: ca. 0° Applied to filter paper for oil–water separation. No durability testing 14
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of carbon nanotubes Water: 150°/7° Gasoline: 0° Applied to mesh for oil–water separation. No durability testing 15
Spray coated/sandblasted PTFE Water: 153° Oil: N/A Applied to aluminum plates for anti-icing and ice adhesion tests 19
Hydrophobic/Oleophobic Spray coated perfluoroalkyl methacrylic copolymer, TiO2 nanoparticles Water: 164° Ethylene glycol: 144° Hysteresis not studied, only ethylene glycol investigated. No durability testing 21
CVD fluorosilane on textured, re-entrant SiO2 Water: N/A Octane: 163°/18° No durability testing. Complex texturing required 22
Photolithography then electropolymerization of tetrabuty- lammonium hexafluorophosphate Water: 160° Hexadecane: 144°/40°Dodecane: 135° Poor oil repellency (high tilt angles). No durability testing 24
Spin coated PDMS, silica nanoparticles then dip coated perfluorooctyl trichlorosilane Water: 153°/ca. 0° Diiodomethane: 141°/12° Coating shows reasonable durability. No low surface tension liquid repellency testing 25
Spray coated perfluorooctanoic acid, copper acetate Water: 163°/4° Rapeseed oil: 155°/10° Poor oil repellency (high tilt angles) and durability 28
Silica aerogel plus fluorinated surfactant Water: 172°/22° Paraffin oil: 168°/38° Poor repellency (high tilt angles) but good durability 29
Electrospray poly(dimethylsiloxane), fluorodecyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane Water: ca. 160°/2° Hexadecane: ca. 150°/5° No durability testing 26
Dip coated silicone resin, silica nanoparticles then CVD of fluorosilane Water: 170°/1° Hexadecane: 153°/4° Good repellency and durability. Only tested on PET 31
Hydrophilic/Oleophobic Synthesis of fluoroalkylated silicon co-oligomers Water: 72° Water (after 25 min): 0° Dodecane: 60° Coating is initially hydrophilic, not superhydrophilic as intended. Poor oil repellency. No durability testing 34
Plasma deposited polymer then dip coated fluorosurfactant Water: <20° Hexadecane: 82° Not water affinity and oil repellency. No durability testing 36
Synthesis of dimethylacrylamid fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers, silica gel hybrids Water: 48° Water (after 30 min): 0° Dodecane: 41° Coating is initially hydrophilic, not superhydrophilic as intended. Poor oil repellency. No durability testing 38
Spray coated PDDA, sodium per- fluorooctanoate, silica nanoparticles Water: 165° Water (after 9 min): 0° Hexadecane: 155° Dodecane: 152°/10° Coating is initially superhydrophobic, not superhydrophilic as intended. Requires additional treatment not suitable for industry. No durability testing 39
Spin/dip coated poly(styrene–co–maleic anhydride), fluorosurfactant Water: <10° Hexadecane: 112° Poor oil repellency. No durability testing 40
Dip coated fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomer, CaSi2 particles Water: 129° Water (after 5 min): 0° Dodecane: 118° Coating is initially hydrophobic, not superhydrophilic as intended. Poor oil repellency. No durability testing 41