Table 2.
Comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of survey participants with or without protein losing enteropathy (PLE) following Fontan palliation (N=228)
| PLE
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Yes (N=76) | No (N=152) | p-value§ | OR | 95% CI |
| Male sex | 45 (59.2) | 94 (61.8) | 0.65 | 0.88 | 0.50, 1.55 |
|
| |||||
| Age at survey, years | 11 (7–17.5) | 10.5 (7–16.5) | 0.72 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.03 |
|
| |||||
| Age at Fontan, years | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.68 | 0.94 | 0.83, 1.06 |
|
| |||||
| Caucasian | 66 (86.8) | 122 (80.3) | 0.05 | 2.32 | 0.97, 5.57 |
|
| |||||
| Heart disease etiology | |||||
| Hypoplastic left ventricle | 47 (61.8) | 67 (44.1) | 0.01 | 2.81 | 1.43, 5.53 |
|
|
|
||||
| Hypoplastic right ventricle | 15 (19.7) | 60 (39.5) | Ref | ||
|
|
|
||||
| Non-specified single ventricle | 14 (18.4) | 25 (16.4) | 2.24 | 0.94, 5.32 | |
|
| |||||
| Other surgery | |||||
| Norwood | 45 (59.2) | 69 (45.4) | 0.049 | 1.75 | 1.00, 3.05 |
|
| |||||
| BT shunt | 23 (30.3) | 66 (43.4) | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.32, 1.02 |
|
| |||||
| PA band | 11 (14.5) | 16 (10.5) | 0.38 | 1.44 | 0.63, 3.28 |
|
| |||||
| Hemifontan (Stage II) | 20 (26.3) | 35 (23.0) | 0.58 | 1.19 | 0.63, 2.25 |
|
| |||||
| Bidirectional Glen (Stage II) | 50 (65.8) | 102 (67.1) | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.53, 1.69 |
|
| |||||
| Diaphragm plication | 9 (11.8) | 4 (2.6) | 0.01 | 4.93 | 1.49, 19.0 |
|
| |||||
| Other major cardiac procedures | 13 (17.1) | 7 (4.6) | 0.002 | 4.27 | 1.63, 11.2 |
|
| |||||
| Chylothorax | 50 (65.8) | 62 (40.8) | 0.0002 | 2.96 | 1.65, 5.31 |
|
|
|||||
| Drained with a chest tube | 46 (92.0) | 57 (91.9) | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.24, 4.44 |
|
| |||||
| Treated with a special formula | 22 (44.0) | 13 (21.0) | 0.01 | 2.91 | 1.25, 6.77 |
|
|
|||||
| Treated with thoracic duct ligation | 10 (20.0) | 3 (4.8) | 0.01 | 5.04 | 1.31, 19.5 |
|
| |||||
| Treated with pleurodesis | 10 (20.0) | 4 (6.5) | 0.03 | 3.65 | 1.07, 12.5 |
|
|
|||||
| Allergies | 27 (35.5) | 57 (37.5) | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.53, 1.69 |
|
| |||||
| Celiac disease | 3 (3.9) | 1 (0.7) | 0.11 | 6.20 | 0.65, 166 |
|
| |||||
| Intestinal malrotation | 3 (3.9) | 5 (3.3) | 1.00 | 1.22 | 0.23, 5.41 |
|
| |||||
| Weight at survey, kg | 29.3 (19.1–43.2) | 29.8 (19.5–52.3) | 0.25 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.004 |
|
| |||||
| Height at survey, cm | 126 (107–150) | 135 (112–163) | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.999 |
|
| |||||
| Body mass index at survey, kg/m2 | 18.0 (15.9–22.0) | 17.6 (15.4–20.8) | 0.38 | 1.04 | 0.98, 1.11 |
|
| |||||
| Underweight | 13 (17.1) | 14 (9.2) | 0.003 | 2.67 | 1.14, 6.28 |
|
|
|
||||
| Normal | 32 (42.1) | 92 (60.5) | Ref | ||
|
|
|
||||
| Overweight | 6 (7.9) | 17 (11.2) | 1.02 | 0.37, 2.80 | |
|
|
|
||||
| Obese | 12 (15.8) | 7 (4.6) | 4.93 | 1.79, 13.6 | |
|
| |||||
| unknown | 13 (17.1) | 22 (14.5) | |||
*
Data are presented as N (%) for categorical variables and Median (25th percentile – 75th precentile) for continuous variable.
BT = Blalock-Taussig, PA = pulmonary artery
§
P-value from Chi-square tests or Fisher’s exact tests, as appropriate, for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables on comparison of each characteristic between the patients with/without PLE.