Table 2.

Measurements of pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms and physical function

	Measurement of pain		Measurement of neuropsychiatric symptoms		Measurement of function
First author	Rating scale	Method of detection	Rating scale	Method of detection	Rating scale	Method of detection
Ahn 201336	MDS pain severity scale, combining pain frequency and pain intensity	Self-report, if not possible staff report based on proxy reports	MDS subscales; wandering-item, aggression behaviour scale (ABS), challenging behaviour profile (CBP) agitation subscale	Patient self-report, proxy and professional	MDS-ADL long form (7 items)	Staff observation
Bartels 20038	No use of rating scale	Data collection instrument (3-month period), raters unknown	MDS for depression	Medical records	MDS (number of ADLs)	Medical records
Black 200639	No use of rating scale	Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview surrogate and physician	No use of rating scales	Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview proxy and staff	No use of rating scale	Medical records, preceding 6 months, interview proxy and staff
Brummel-Smith 200240	1 out of 3 scales: faces or line scale, or word-based pain intensity scale	self-report, assessed by trained research assistants	No use of rating scales	Trained research assistants	No use of rating scale	Trained research assistants
Cipher 20044	GMPI pain and suffering subscale	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist	-GDS-15 “-26 dysfunctional behaviours with scores “1-7”	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist	PRADLI	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist
Cipher 200641	GMPI	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members	GLDS, 19 categories with scores 1-7	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members, Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26, Months	GLDS	Part of neuropsychological evaluation by a licensed clinical geropsychologist and each instrument was administered after interviewing the resident, nursing staff and family members
D’Astolfo 200644	No use of rating scale	Medical records, preceding 6 to max 26 months	No use of rating scales		No use of rating scale	Medical records Ambulatory status: independent, requires assistance, wheel chair (or bedridden n?=?1)
Gruber-Baldini 200545	PGC-PIS, score ≥ 2	Rating by supervisory staff member	CSDD	Rating by supervisory staff member	MDS; activities of daily living scale, SMOI	Rating/observation by supervisory staff member
			CMAI
Kunik 200530	PGC-PIS, item on level of pain in previous week, scores 1-6	Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant	CMAI	Interview with patient and proxy by trained interviewer/research assistant	-	-
			HAM-D
			NPI (subdomains delusion/hallucinations)
Leonard 200650	MDS pain burden using a 4-level composite score based on pain frequency and intensity	-	MDS (Physical aggression: MDS item 'others were hit, shoved, scratched, sexually abused'; Depression: MDS score ≥3 on sum of 9 items, e.g. 'being sad', 'making negative statements', 'persistent anger with self or others', 'pained facial expressions'. (At least once in week before)	-	-	-
Leong 200735	PAINAD for non-communicative patients	Interviews with patient and staff member by professionals for communicative patients	Depression with GDS-15 or STAI	Self-report or staff report	AAS	Not reported
			Anxiety with Cornell
Lin 201146	PAINAD-Chinese version	Observation immediately following instances of routine care by principal investigator and research assistant	No use of rating scales	Medical records and observations by professional	No use of rating scale	Medical records and observation by professional
Morgan 201247	PGC-PIS worst pain item	Not reported	CMAI aggression subscale	Not reported	-	-
			CMAI non-aggressive physical agitation subscale
			HAM-D depression
Norton 201042	PPQ, intensity item, 10–14 day baseline	Primary CNA and data used from medical records	RMBPC-NH, selection of 3 need driven behaviours, BEHAVE-AD	Primary CNA and unit staff	PSMS	Nurses and trained research assistants
Shega 200548	VDS, 1 item on presence and severity of pain ‘right now’	Interviews with patients and caregivers by trained research assistant	GDS-15	Interview patient and proxy	KATZ	Interview patient and proxy
			CMAI		IADL
Shega 201049	VDS, 5 point, ‘pain past 4 weeks’	Interviews with patient by trained research assistant	Mental Health screening questionnaire; 5-item and 6 point scale	Interview with patient by trained research assistant	OARS/IADL; 3 point scale	Interview patient by trained research assistant
Torvik 201048	VRS, 4 point, ‘pain right now’	Patient self-report	DQoL, 29-items on 5 domains: self-esteem, aesthetics, positive affect, negative affect, belonging	Not reported	Barthel	Self-report and medical records
Tosato 20123	InterRAI LTCF	InterRAI LTCF questions and observation of behaviour, any type of pain or discomfort of the body in previous 3 days by trained (research) staff	InterRAI LTCF 5 behavioural symptoms, previous 3 days	Not reported	MDS ADL Hierarchy Scale	Data recorded by study physicians
Volicer 200937	MDS-RAI pain frequency (item J2a)	Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff	MDS Depression Rating Scale	Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff	-	-
			MDS item J1e for delusions MDS item J1i for hallucinations
Volicer 201151	MDS	Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff	MDS items I1ee, E1a, E1d, E1f, E1b, E1i, E1l, E1m for depression	Combination of physical examination, patient history, observation, consultation caregiver and medical records by staff	-	-
			MDS for delusions and hallucinations
			MDS items B5b, E1b, E4aa, E4da for agitation
Williams 200543	PGC-PIS, score =2, and 0–10 pain numeric rating scale	Registered nurses or licensed practical nurses and interview with overseeing supervisor	CSDD, score =7	Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses	MDS-ADL	Rating by care supervisors, registered nurses and licensed practical nurses
			CMAI, any behaviour at least weekly		APAS
					SMOI
Zieber 200538	DS-DAT, and a 7-point pain rating scale	Trained facility nurses, palliative care nurse consultants	PAS	Trained facility nurses	-	-

Abbreviations: MDS Minimum Dataset, ADL Activities of Daily Living, GMPI Geriatric Multidimensional Pain and Illness Inventory, GDS-15 Geriatric Depression Scale-15 short version, PRADLI Psychosocial Resistance to Activities of Daily Living Index, GLDS Geriatric Level of Dysfunction Scale, PGC-PIS Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Pain Intensity Scale, CSDD Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, CMAI Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, SMOI Structured Meal Observational Instrument, HAM-D Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory, PAINAD Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, AAS Adjusted Activity Scale, PPQ Proxy Pain Questionnaire, CNA Certified Nursing Assistant, RMBPC-NH Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist-Nursing Home, BEHAVE-AD Behavioural Pathology in Alzheimer’s disease, PSMS Physical Self Maintenance Scale, VDS Verbal Descriptor Scale, KATZ Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, OARS/IADL Older Americans Recourses and Services/Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, VRS Verbal Rating Scale, DQol Dementia Quality of life, APAS Albert Patient activity Scale, DS-DAT Discomfort Scale - Dementia of Alzheimer Type, PAS Pittsburgh Agitation Scale