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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 10.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013 Sep;8(5):447–456. doi: 10.1097/COH.0b013e3283636ccb

Table 1. Perinatal HIV infections in resource-rich countries: numbers, maternal and infant characteristics, and preventive interventions.

Characteristics and countries Study period Estimates
Numbers of Cases
Perinatal Infections
 MCT Rates
  USA [21, 22] 2000-2003 3.7%
2005-2008 2.2%
  Spain [7] 2000-2003 1.4%
2004-2007 1.8%
 Numbers per year
  USA [4, 8] 2009 151
2010 164
  Europe [9] 2004 347
2011 494
 Incidence per million
  UK [5] - 10
  France [6] 2003-2006 9
HIV-infected women delivering
  USA [14] 2006 8700
  USA (number/1000 person years) [18] 1994-1995 57/1000 PY
2001-2002 142/1000 PY
  UK/Ireland [5, 13] 2006-2010 >1300/yr
2000-2001 3.4%
2008-2009 4.5%
Foreign birth (%) among:
 Infected children
  USA [10] 2007-2010 33%
  France [6] 2006 69%
  UK [11] 2011 73%
 HIV-infected mothers of infected children
  USA [26] 2003-2007 21%
 HIV-infected women delivering
  Canada [25] 2007-2009 60%
  UK/Ireland [12, 15] 1990-1993 43.5%
2004-2006 78.6%
2000-2009 78.5%
  France [27] 1984-1986 12%
2003-2004 64%
  Italy [28] 2002 23.9%
2008 45.2%
  Spain [7] 2000-2003 11.4%
2004-2007 22.1%
Characteristics of HIV-Infected women
 Repeat Pregnancies
  UK/Ireland [15] 1997 20.3%
2009 38.6%
  Europe [16] 1989 2%
2003-2004 14%
  France [17] 2009 30%
 Use of cART/HAART at time of conception
  UK [41] 2000-2006 24%
 Adherence during pregnancy and postpartum [43]
  USA (pregnancy) 2001-2005 61%
  USA (post-partum) 2001-2005 44%
 Injection Drug Use
  USA [21, 22] 2000-2003 11%
2005-2008 8%
 Illicit drug use
  USA [21, 22] 2000-2003 20%
2005-2008 11%
 Hard drug use
  USA [23] 2007-2010 3%
 Positive mental health screen & drug use
  USA [24] 2007-2010 35%
 Acute HIV infection during pregnancy or breastfeeding
  USA [48] 2005-2010 8%
  USA (NYS) [50] 2002-2005 14%
  UK [49] 2002-2005 11.5%
 Co-infection w/hepatitis B
  Puerto Rico [59] 1989-1990 12.5%
  USA (Dallas) [60] 1993-2003 1.5%
  Europe [61] 1999-2005 4.9%
  Netherlands [62] 1997-2008 4.9%
  Italy [28] 2000-2008 4%
  UK (London) [47] 2000-2009 4%
  USA (hepatitis B or C) [63] 2006-2010 29%
 Co-infection w/hepatitis C
  Puerto Rico [59] 1989-1990 12.5%
  USA [64] 1989-1995 29%
  Italy [28] 2002 29.2%
  USA (Dallas) [60] 1993-2003 4.9%
  Europe [61] 1999-2005 12.3%
  Netherlands [62] 1997-2008 2.1%
  Italy [28] 2008 17.3%
  UK (London) [47] 2000-2009 1.6%
  USA (hepatitis B or C) [63] 2006-2010 29%
 Negative male partner
  USA (n=181) [31] - 62%
  France (n=555) [32] - 43.6%
 Desire/Intention to have children
  USA (n=181) [31]
   Desire - 59%
   Intend - 66%
  USA (n=50) [35]
   Intend 2003-2004 70%
  Canada (n=490) [34]
   Desire 2007-2009 69%
   Intend 2007-2009 56%
  UK (n=450) [33]
   Desire 2003-2004 75%
  France (n=555) [32]
   Expect - 33%
Perinatal Prevention Cascade
 Discussed contraception with provider
  USA [39] 2008-2010 50.6%
 Unplanned pregnancy after diagnosis
  USA [40] 2007-2009 88%
 Diagnosed before pregnancy
  USA [21, 22] 2000-2003 60%
2005-2008 68%
 Established HIV dx during pregnancy
  Italy [28] 2008 32.9%
 Use of cART in pregnancy
  USA [23] 2007-2011 85%
  Spain [7] 2004-2007 99.4%
  Italy [28] 2007-2008 95.5%
  UK/Ireland [41] 2000-2006 82.1%
 Maternal viral suppression (undetectable)
  USA (VL >1000c/ml) [23] - 15%
  Europe [46] 2000-2010 65%
  Europe (ARV naïve) [65] 1997-2004 73%
  France [17] 2005-2008 65%
  Italy [28] 2000 37.3%
2008 80.9%
  London [47] 2000-2009 77%
  Pregnant women with VL<50
  After 3 months of tx [66] - 61.5%
  After 6 months of tx - 67.9%
 Mode of delivery: Cesarean
  USA [21, 22] 2000-2003 36%
2005-2008 40%
  Europe [46] 2000-2010 58%
  Italy [28] 2008 63.2%
  UK/Ireland [12] 1997 38.3%
1999 66.4%
2006 50%
  Spain [7] 2000-2003 57.6%
2004-2007 46.5%