Table 2. List of antivenoms investigated in clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals or on public registries.

Product name	Other name/product specifications	Manufacturer	Development stage 1	Target region	Publications	Clinical trials registry number
CroFab	Polyvalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Crotalid	Protherics	Phase III–IV	North America	[22,24,25]	NCT00303303 NCT00636116 NCT00868309 NCT01864200
Anavip	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Crotalinae (pit viper)	Instituto Bioclon S.A.	Terminated after Phase III	North America	[22]	NCT00868309 NCT00636116
Antivypmin	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Crotalinae (pit viper)	Instituto Bioclon S.A.	Phase III	North America	None	NCT00639951
NA	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against North American Coral snakes (Micrurus)	University of Arizona	Phase III	North America	None	NCT01337245
Tiger snake antivenom	Monovalent equine (Fab) against Notechis scutatus	CSL	Phase III–IV	Australia	None	ACTRN12611000588998
Taipan antivenom	Monovalent equine (Fab) against Oxyuranus scutellatus	CSL	Phase I–II	Australia	None	ACTRN12612001062819
Antibotropico IVB		Instituto Vital Brazil	Phase II	Latin America	[26]	None
Antibotropico Butantan	Polyvalent equine antivenom against Bothrops species	Instituo Butantan	Phase II–III	Latin America	[26–29]	None
Antibotropico FUNED		Fundação Ezequiel Dias	Terminated	Latin America	[26]	None
Antibotropico-laquetico Butantan	Bothrops-Lachesis polyvalent equine antivenom	Instituo Butantan	Phase II	Latin America	[30]	None
Antiofiodico botropico polivalente	Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against Bothrops asper, Bothrops atrox, and Bothrops xanthogrammus	Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez"	Phase II–III	Latin America	[28]	None
Monovalent B. atrox equine antivenom		Instituto Clodomiro Picado	Terminated	Latin America	[31,32]	None
Monovalent B. atrox equine antivenom		Instituto Nacional de Salud	Terminated	Latin America	[29]	None
B. atrox–Lachesis antivenom	Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against B. atrox and Lachesis muta muta	Fundação Ezequiel Dias	Terminated	Latin America	[30]	None
Polyvalent Antivenom	Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against B. asper, Crotalus durissus, and L. muta	Instituto Nacional de Salud	?	Latin America	[28]	None
Polyvalent antivenom ICP	Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG or Fab2) against B. asper, Crotalus simus, and Lachesis stenophrys	Instituto Clodomiro Picado (University of Costa Rica)	Phase II	Latin America	[31–34]	None
EchiTab	Monovalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Echis oscellatus	Therapeutic Antibodies/Micropharm	?	Sub-Saharan Africa	[35]	None
EchiTab Plus	Polyvalent equine antivenom against Bitis arietans, E. oscellatus, and Naja nigricollis	Instituto Clodomiro Picado (University of Costa Rica)	Phase I–II	Sub-Saharan Africa	[23,36]	ISRCTN01257358
EchiTab G	Monovalent antivenom (IgG) against E. oscellatus	Micropharm	Phase I–II	Sub-Saharan Africa	[23,36]	ISRCTN01257358
EgyVac antivenom	Equine polivalent antivenom against B. arietans, E. oscellatus, and N. nigricollis	Vacsera Ltd	Terminated after Phase I	Sub-Saharan Africa	[36]	None
Ipser Africa Antivenom	Polyvalent equine (Fab2) antivenom against B. arietans, Bitis gabonica, Echis leucogaster, N. nigricollis, Naja haje, Naja melanoleuca, Dendroaspis viridis, Dendroaspis jamesoni, and Dendroaspis augisticeps	Institut Pasteur	?	Sub-Saharan Africa	[35]	None
Monospecific antivenom against E. oscellatus		Institut Pasteur	?	Sub-Saharan Africa	[37,38]	None
SAIMR Echis antivenom	Monovalent equine antivenom (IgG or Fab2) against Echis carinatus / ocellatus	South African Vaccines Producer	?	Sub-Saharan Africa	[38]	None
North and West African polyvalent antivenom (Echis, Bitis, Naja)		Behningwerke	?	Sub-Saharan Africa	[37,38]	None
Malayan pit viper antivenom	Monovalent equine antivenom against Calloselasma rhodostoma	Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute	Phase I–II	South East Asia	[11,39–41]	None
Malayan pit viper antivenom	Monovalent caprine antivenom against C. rhodostoma	Twyford Pharmaceutical	Phase I–II	South East Asia	[39–41]	None
Malayan pit viper antivenom	Monovalent equine antivenom against C. rhodostoma	Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organisation	Phase I–II	South East Asia	[39–41]	None
Monocellate cobra antivenom	Monovalent equine antivenom against aja. kaouthia	Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute	?	South East Asia	[42]	None
Green pit viper antivenin (QSMI)	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against green pit vipers	Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute	Phase I–II	South East Asia	[41,43]	None
B. multicinctus and B. candidus antivenom	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus candidus	Vietnam Poison Control Center, Hanoi Medical University	Phase I–II	South East Asia	[21]	NCT00811239
Monospecific antivenom against D. russelii		Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory	?	South East Asia	[44]	None
ProlongaTab	Monovalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Daboia russelii	Therapeutic Antibodies Inc	Terminated	South Asia	[45,46]	None
SII Polyvalent ASV IP	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Naja naja, E. carinatus, D. russelii and Bungarus caeruleus	India Serum Institute	?	South Asia	[47–49]	None
Snake antivenin IP	Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against N. naja, E. carinatus, D. russelii and B. caeruleus	Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd	Phase II	South Asia	[45,46,50,51]	None
Snake venom anti-serum	Polyvalent equine F(ab)2 against B. caeruleus, N. naja, D. russelii and E. carinatus	VINS bioproducts	Phase II	South Asia	None	SLCTR/2010/006 NCT01284855
Snake venom antiserum	Polyvalent equine F(ab)2 against B. caeruleus, N. naja, D. russelii and E. carinatus	Bharat Serum and Vaccines Ltd	Phase II	South Asia	None	SLCTR/2010/006

¹ Not all publications mentioned the trial phase, and development status was established based on trial design, primary objectives, and number of subjects. This classification, though, bears some limitations, especially with regards to snake antivenoms development, in which Phase I with healthy volunteers are generally not conducted.