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. 2015 Sep 10;9(9):e0003896. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003896

Table 2. List of antivenoms investigated in clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals or on public registries.

Product name Other name/product specifications Manufacturer Development stage 1 Target region Publications Clinical trials registry number
CroFab Polyvalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Crotalid Protherics Phase III–IV North America [22,24,25] NCT00303303 NCT00636116 NCT00868309 NCT01864200
Anavip Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Crotalinae (pit viper) Instituto Bioclon S.A. Terminated after Phase III North America [22] NCT00868309 NCT00636116
Antivypmin Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Crotalinae (pit viper) Instituto Bioclon S.A. Phase III North America None NCT00639951
NA Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against North American Coral snakes (Micrurus) University of Arizona Phase III North America None NCT01337245
Tiger snake antivenom Monovalent equine (Fab) against Notechis scutatus CSL Phase III–IV Australia None ACTRN12611000588998
Taipan antivenom Monovalent equine (Fab) against Oxyuranus scutellatus CSL Phase I–II Australia None ACTRN12612001062819
Antibotropico IVB Instituto Vital Brazil Phase II Latin America [26] None
Antibotropico Butantan Polyvalent equine antivenom against Bothrops species Instituo Butantan Phase II–III Latin America [2629] None
Antibotropico FUNED Fundação Ezequiel Dias Terminated Latin America [26] None
Antibotropico-laquetico Butantan Bothrops-Lachesis polyvalent equine antivenom Instituo Butantan Phase II Latin America [30] None
Antiofiodico botropico polivalente Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against Bothrops asper, Bothrops atrox, and Bothrops xanthogrammus Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical "Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez" Phase II–III Latin America [28] None
Monovalent B. atrox equine antivenom Instituto Clodomiro Picado Terminated Latin America [31,32] None
Monovalent B. atrox equine antivenom Instituto Nacional de Salud Terminated Latin America [29] None
B. atrox–Lachesis antivenom Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against B. atrox and Lachesis muta muta Fundação Ezequiel Dias Terminated Latin America [30] None
Polyvalent Antivenom Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG) against B. asper, Crotalus durissus, and L. muta Instituto Nacional de Salud ? Latin America [28] None
Polyvalent antivenom ICP Polyvalent equine antivenom (IgG or Fab2) against B. asper, Crotalus simus, and Lachesis stenophrys Instituto Clodomiro Picado (University of Costa Rica) Phase II Latin America [3134] None
EchiTab Monovalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Echis oscellatus Therapeutic Antibodies/Micropharm ? Sub-Saharan Africa [35] None
EchiTab Plus Polyvalent equine antivenom against Bitis arietans, E. oscellatus, and Naja nigricollis Instituto Clodomiro Picado (University of Costa Rica) Phase I–II Sub-Saharan Africa [23,36] ISRCTN01257358
EchiTab G Monovalent antivenom (IgG) against E. oscellatus Micropharm Phase I–II Sub-Saharan Africa [23,36] ISRCTN01257358
EgyVac antivenom Equine polivalent antivenom against B. arietans, E. oscellatus, and N. nigricollis Vacsera Ltd Terminated after Phase I Sub-Saharan Africa [36] None
Ipser Africa Antivenom Polyvalent equine (Fab2) antivenom against B. arietans, Bitis gabonica, Echis leucogaster, N. nigricollis, Naja haje, Naja melanoleuca, Dendroaspis viridis, Dendroaspis jamesoni, and Dendroaspis augisticeps Institut Pasteur ? Sub-Saharan Africa [35] None
Monospecific antivenom against E. oscellatus Institut Pasteur ? Sub-Saharan Africa [37,38] None
SAIMR Echis antivenom Monovalent equine antivenom (IgG or Fab2) against Echis carinatus / ocellatus South African Vaccines Producer ? Sub-Saharan Africa [38] None
North and West African polyvalent antivenom (Echis, Bitis, Naja) Behningwerke ? Sub-Saharan Africa [37,38] None
Malayan pit viper antivenom Monovalent equine antivenom against Calloselasma rhodostoma Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute Phase I–II South East Asia [11,3941] None
Malayan pit viper antivenom Monovalent caprine antivenom against C. rhodostoma Twyford Pharmaceutical Phase I–II South East Asia [3941] None
Malayan pit viper antivenom Monovalent equine antivenom against C. rhodostoma Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organisation Phase I–II South East Asia [3941] None
Monocellate cobra antivenom Monovalent equine antivenom against aja. kaouthia Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute ? South East Asia [42] None
Green pit viper antivenin (QSMI) Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against green pit vipers Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute Phase I–II South East Asia [41,43] None
B. multicinctus and B. candidus antivenom Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus candidus Vietnam Poison Control Center, Hanoi Medical University Phase I–II South East Asia [21] NCT00811239
Monospecific antivenom against D. russelii Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory ? South East Asia [44] None
ProlongaTab Monovalent ovine antivenom (Fab) against Daboia russelii Therapeutic Antibodies Inc Terminated South Asia [45,46] None
SII Polyvalent ASV IP Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against Naja naja, E. carinatus, D. russelii and Bungarus caeruleus India Serum Institute ? South Asia [4749] None
Snake antivenin IP Polyvalent equine antivenom (Fab2) against N. naja, E. carinatus, D. russelii and B. caeruleus Haffkine Biopharmaceutical Corporation Ltd Phase II South Asia [45,46,50,51] None
Snake venom anti-serum Polyvalent equine F(ab)2 against B. caeruleus, N. naja, D. russelii and E. carinatus VINS bioproducts Phase II South Asia None SLCTR/2010/006 NCT01284855
Snake venom antiserum Polyvalent equine F(ab)2 against B. caeruleus, N. naja, D. russelii and E. carinatus Bharat Serum and Vaccines Ltd Phase II South Asia None SLCTR/2010/006

1 Not all publications mentioned the trial phase, and development status was established based on trial design, primary objectives, and number of subjects. This classification, though, bears some limitations, especially with regards to snake antivenoms development, in which Phase I with healthy volunteers are generally not conducted.