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List of known NGCs and their immortalization frequencies in mammalian cells
| Carcinogen | Immortalization frequency | Mechanisms of immortalization |
|---|---|---|
| Nickel-derived compounds, including nickel chloride | 9×10−7 | Epigenetic silencing of p16 (96) |
| Diethylstilbestrol | 4×10−7 | Allelic loss and point mutation in ETRG-1 gene (126) |
| Reserpine | 3×10−7 | Unknown but thought to be epigenetic (127) |
| Phenobarbital | 2×10−7 | Reduces expression of the CDKN1A product p21 (128) |
