Table 3.

Cross-validation of disruptors

Genetic instability prototypical disruptors	Deregulated metabolism	Evasion of anti- growth signaling	Angiogenesis	Immune system evasion	Resistance to cell death	Replicative immortality	Sustained proliferative signaling	Tissue invasion and metastasis	Tumor-promoting inflammation	Tumor microenvironment
Lead	0	0	0	0	− (411–413)	+ (57,245)	+ (414)	0	+ (415,416)	0
Nickel	0	+ (417)	+ (418)	0	+/− (419,420)	− (421,422)	+ (423)	+ (424)	+ (420,425)	+ PMID: (426)
Cobalt	+ (427)	0	+ (428)	0	− (429,430)	0	+ (431)	+ (432)	+ (433)	− (434)
Mercury	+ (435,436)	0	+/− (437)	0	− (438–440)	0	+ (441)	0	+ (442)	− (443)
Acrylamide	+/− (216,444–446)	0	+ (447)	0	− (448,449); − or no effect (450)	0	+ (451)	0	+ (452,453)	0
Bisphenol A	+ (454–457)	+ (458)	+ (459)	0	+/− (458,460–462)	+ (463)	+ (232)	0	+ (465)	0
Quinones	+/− (466,467)	− (468)	− (469)	0	− (470–472)	− (473–478)	− (479,480)	− (481,482)	+ (269,483)	0
Tungsten	+/− (466,484)	0	0	0	− (485–487)	0	+ (229)	0	+ (230)	0
Paraquat	+ (488–490)	0	0	0	− (491–493)	0	− (494)	0	+ (494,495)	+ (496)
Titanium dioxide NPs	+/− (497–499)	0	+ (500)	0	− (282,501)	0	+ (502)	0	+ (503,504)	0
Benomyl	− (505)	0	− (506)	0	0	0	− (507)	0	+/− +/− (508,509)	0
Carbendazim	− (505)	0	0	0	0	0	− (507)	0	+/− +/− (510)	0
Triclosan	+/− (511,512,540)	0	− (515)	0	− (514)	0	+ (515)	0	+ (516,517)	0
Carbon black	+ (518)	0	+ (519)	0	− (282)	+ (57)	+ (520)	0	+ (521)	0

Disruptors of genomic stability were cross-validated for effects in other cancer hallmark pathways. Disruptors that were found to have opposing actions in a particular hallmark (i.e. anticarcinogenic) were indicated with ‘−’, whereas disruptors that were found to have promoting actions in a particular hallmark (i.e. carcinogenic) were indicated with ‘+’. In instances where reports on relevant actions in other hallmarks were mixed (i.e. reports showing both pro-carcinogenic potential and anticarcinogenic potential), the symbol ‘+/−’ was used. Finally, in instances where no literature support was found to document the relevance of a chemical in a particular aspect of cancer’s biology, we documented this as ‘0’.