Table 1. Participant characteristics (n = 150) a .
| Variables | M (SD) b | Range |
|---|---|---|
| Prior criminality and substance use c | ||
| Mean no. of convictions prior to index crime | 5.45 (9.34) | 0–63 |
| Mean no. of years with regular d use of alcohol | 6.53 (8.55) | 0–40 |
| Mean no. of years with regular d use of illicit drugs | 7.88 (9.73) | 0–40 |
| Prior psychiatric symptoms | n (%) | |
| Felt depressed or down most of the day | 125 (83.3) | |
| Felt anxious, nervous or worried most part of the day | 123 (82.0) | |
| Had trouble thinking/concentrating/remembering | 122 (81.3) | |
| Pushed, hit, thrown things at, or used a weapon | 113 (75.3) | |
| Had serious thoughts of committing suicide | 99 (66.0) | |
| Had difficulty controlling temper/urges to hit or harm | 99 (61.3) | |
| Had hallucinations | 85 (56.7) | |
| Attempted suicide | 79 (52.7) | |
| Any of the above psychiatric symptoms | 147 (98.0) | |
| Prior treatment experiences | n (%) | |
| Treated for alcohol or drug use | 95 (63.3) | |
| Had contact with outpatient psychiatric settings | 91 (60.7) | |
| Index crimes e | n (%) | |
| Violent crimes f | 113 (75.4) | |
| Narcotic-related crimes | 11 (7.3) | |
| Sexual crimes | 11 (7.3) | |
| Arson | 8 (5.3) | |
| Property crimes | 7 (4.7) | |
| Sentences associated with the index crime | n (%) | |
| Imprisonment | 92 (61.3) | |
| Probation or fines | 34 (22.7) | |
| Compulsory inpatient forensic psychiatric treatment | 24 (16.0) | |
| PCL-R and HCR-20 scores | M (SD) | Range |
| Total PCL-R | 14.23 (7.88) | 1–33 |
| Interpersonal PCL-R facet | 1.57 (1.55) | 0–6 |
| Affective PCL-R facet | 2.88 (1.95) | 0–7 |
| Lifestyle PCL-R facet | 4.85 (2.73) | 0–10 |
| Antisocial PCL-R facet | 3.28 (2.56) | 0–10 |
| Total HCR-20 | 16.52 (7.78) | 1–31 |
| Subgroup membership g | n (%) | |
| Less troubled h | 26 (17.3) | |
| Severely triply troubled i | 24 (16.0) | |
| Triply troubled with medical problems j | 38 (25.3) | |
| Working triply troubled k | 60 (40.0) | |
| Substance abuse intervention variables | n (%) | |
| ≥ 1 planned visit to an outpatient clinic | 75 (50.0) | |
| ≥ 3 planned visits to an outpatient clinic | 47 (31.3) | |
| Residence in dry housing | 35 (23.3) | |
| M (SD) | Range | |
| Mean no of planned visits to an outpatient clinic | 4.22 (8.05) | 0–48 |
| Mean no of weeks spent in dry housing on one occasion | 9.73 (8.78) | 1–31 |
| Mean no of planned visits to an outpatient clinic (n = 75) l | 8.44 (9.71) | 1–48 |
| Mean no of planned visits to an outpatient clinic (n = 47) m | 11.87 (10.83) | 3–48 |
| General criminal recidivism | ||
| Re-offended with at least one criminal conviction | 76 (50.7) |
a Data presented according to the sixth version of the ASI-6, the Central Archive of The National Board of Forensic Medicine, the PCL-R, the HCR-20, the official registry on health care utilization in Stockholm County Council, social services records, and the registry of the National Council for Crime Prevention.
b M (SD) = Mean (Standard Deviation).
c Data on prior criminality, substance use, psychiatric symptoms and treatment experiences concern the time period after 18 years of age.
d More than three days per week.
e Main crime at the index conviction.
f Assault, murder/manslaughter, threat and robbery.
g The subgroups were defined with reference to the term “triply troubled”, referring to individuals with a combination of mental health problems, substance use problems, and criminal behavior [4,40]. Two of the participants had not been assigned a subgroup membership.
h Subgroup with low degrees of various problems.
i Subgroup with severe legal-, psychiatric-, alcohol-, drug- and family/social problems.
j Subgroup with elevated legal-, medical-, psychiatric and drug problems.
k Subgroup with low levels of employment problems and medium levels of alcohol-, psychiatric-, and legal problems.
l Among participants with at least one planned visit to an outpatient clinic.
m Among participants with at least three planned visits to an outpatient clinic.