Table 2.
Characteristic | Medicare | Medicaid | Private | Self-Pay | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | mean (s.d.) | |
No. Obs. | 1,110 | 1,061 | 1,105 | 899 | 868 |
Price-to-Charge Ratio | |||||
Mean (SD) | .320 (.197) | .367 (.205) | .487 (.211) | .456 (.405) | .611 (.265) |
Range | .098–.903 | .176–.879 | .197–.992 | .193–.859 | .268–.986 |
Average patient characteristics | |||||
Gender (%) | |||||
Female | .566 (.055) | .640 (.082) | .585 (.071) | .466 (.085) | .423 (.126) |
Age group, years (%) | |||||
0–17 | .005 (.051) | .293 (.176) | .191 (.141) | .134 (.146) | .113 (.151) |
18–35 | .018 (.043) | .305 (.100) | .211 (.075) | .311 (.080) | .221 (.096) |
36–45 | .030 (.027) | .121 (.063) | .145 (.041) | .200 (.060) | .173 (.073) |
46–55 | .053 (.034) | .130 (.085) | .180 (.064) | .197 (.066) | .212 (.082) |
56+ | .894 (.106) | .151 (.129) | .272 (.134) | .159 (.084) | .281 (.157) |
Race/ethnicity (%) | |||||
Black | .087 (.134) | .156 (.177) | .086 (.131) | .119 (.145) | .109 (.125) |
Hispanic | .079 (.146) | .219 (.236) | .107 (.163) | .186 (.198) | .136 (.166) |
White | .709 (.301) | .471 (.296) | .655 (.295) | .552 (.278) | .615 (.276) |
Other/missing race | .125 (.259) | .154 (.244) | .152 (.251) | .142 (.221) | .141 (.243) |
Inpatient stay (%) | |||||
Died | .042 (.040) | .013 (.037) | .014 (.041) | .015 (.034) | .023 (.053) |
APR-DRG = 0 | .000 (.001) | .000 (.003) | .000 (.002) | .001 (.003) | .000 (.003) |
APR-DRG = 1 | .195 (.075) | .505 (.154) | .539 (.120) | .507 (.108) | .485 (.136) |
APR-DRG = 2 | .453 (.065) | .340 (.089) | .334 (.071) | .361 (.071) | .357 (.079) |
APR-DRG = 3 | .282 (.071) | .124 (.073) | .100 (.055) | .104 (.051) | .125 (.070) |
APR-DRG = 4 | .070 (.052) | .031 (.030) | .026 (.048) | .027 (.020) | .033 (.029) |
Hospital and market | |||||
Critical access hospital (%) | .095 (.294) | .080 (.272) | .093 (.291) | .055 (.227) | .030 (.171) |
Rural referral center (%) | .033 (.180) | .035 (.184) | .033 (.180) | .037 (.188) | .043 (.202) |
Sole community provider (%) | .086 (.281) | .086 (.280) | .087 (.282) | .083 (.277) | .076 (.265) |
Teaching hospital (%) | .294 (.456) | .311 (.463) | .300 (.459) | .320 (.467) | .324 (.468) |
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) *10 | 3.80 (3.23) | 3.66 (3.14) | 3.77 (3.21) | 3.54 (3.08) | 3.45 (2.99) |
(HHI *10) squared | 24.9 (34.9) | 23.2 (33.6) | 24.5 (34.6) | 22.0 (32.8) | 20.8 (31.4) |
Average DRG weight | 1.32 (.278) | .878 (.280) | 1.03 (.310) | .975 (.234) | 1.22 (.355) |
Medicare disch./10,000 | .419 (.408) | — | — | — | — |
(Medicare disch./10,000)^2 | .342 (.861) | — | — | — | — |
Medicare ALOS | .640 (.467) | — | — | — | — |
(Medicare ALOS/10)^2 | .627 (2.17) | — | — | — | — |
Medicaid disch/10,000 | — | .205 (.269) | — | — | — |
(Medicaid disch/10,000)^2 | — | .114 (.450) | — | — | — |
Medicaid ALOS/10 | — | .601 (.946) | — | — | — |
(Medicaid ALOS/10)^2 | — | 1.25 (17.2) | — | — | — |
Wage index | 1.07 (.178) | 1.08 (.179) | 1.08 (.180) | 1.09 (.176) | 1.08 (.492) |
State | |||||
2005 deficit ($1,000 s) | 5,423 (6,211) | 5,520 (6,193) | 5,421 (6,184) | 5,778 (6,251) | 5,588 (6,290) |
2006 per capita income ($1,000s) | 41.07 (4.75) | 41.3 (4.70) | 41.1 (4.73) | 41.6 (4.56) | 41.3 (4.61) |
Elderly under FPL (100,000s) | 13.2 (11.1) | 13.3 (11.1) | 13.1 (11.1) | 13.6 (11.2) | 13.7 (11.1) |
Medicaid eligibility threshold for children (% of FPL/100) | 1.03 (.134) | 1.03 (.139) | 1.03 (.136) | 1.04 (.150) | 1.03 (.147) |
Medicaid eligibility threshold for adults (% of FPL/100) | 1.11 (1.34) | 1.12 (.503) | 1.13 (.508) | 1.14 (.489) | 1.08 (.492) |
Medicaid per capita spending | 1,137 (566) | 1,153 (573) | 1,149 (574) | 1,162 (572) | 1,119 (556) |
CHIP enrollment rate | .851 (.061) | .853 (.059) | .852 (.061) | .853 (.059) | .848 (.062) |
Number of FQHCs per 1,000 nonelderly uninsured | 6.82 (3.20) | 6.75 (3.10) | 6.78 (3.16) | 6.74 (3.07) | 6.94 (3.21) |
Notes: ALOS, average length of stay; APR-DRG, All-Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group; CHIP, Children’s Health Insurance Program, DRG, diagnosis related group; FPL, federal poverty level; FQHC, Federally Qualified Health Center
aFigures are from the Medicare sample except for Medicaid ALOS and its square, which are from the Medicaid sample