TABLE 3—
State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Their Association With Suicide-Related Outcomes, Controlling for Demographic and Clinical Characteristics: Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Handguns, United States, 2013
| Statewide Suicide Rate for 2013 |
Statewide Suicide by Firearm Rate for 2013 |
Statewide Proportion of Suicide Deaths by Firearms for 2013 |
|||||||
| Variable | R2 | b (95% CI) | pη2 | R2 | b (95% CI) | pη2 | R2 | b (95% CI) | pη2 |
| Set—waiting period | 0.43 | 0.60 | 0.74 | ||||||
| Population density | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.000 (0.000, 0.001) | 0.01 | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.02 | |||
| % of state below poverty line | –0.211 (–0.633, 0.211) | 0.02 | –0.112 (–0.425, 0.201) | 0.01 | 0.005 (–0.006, 0.016) | 0.02 | |||
| % aged > 25 y with college degree | –0.293* (–0.582, 0.003) | 0.09 | –0.360** (–0.574, 0.145) | 0.21 | –0.014** (–0.021, 0.006) | 0.23 | |||
| % White | 0.057 (–0.012, 0.126) | 0.06 | 0.054* (0.003, 0.105) | 0.09 | 0.002* (0.000, 0.004) | 0.11 | |||
| Median age | –0.318 (–0.727, 0.091) | 0.05 | –0.298 (–0.602, 0.005) | 0.08 | –0.011* (–0.022, 0.000) | 0.09 | |||
| Waiting period | 2.271 (–0.339, 4.881) | 0.07 | 2.366* (0.430, 4.303) | 0.12 | 0.072* (0.003, 0.140) | 0.09 | |||
| Set—background check | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.77 | ||||||
| Population density | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.06 | |||
| % of state below poverty line | –0.187 (–0.565, 0.191) | 0.02 | –0.074 (–0.351, 0.203) | 0.01 | 0.006 (–0.004, 0.016) | 0.03 | |||
| % aged > 25 y with college degree | –0.169 (–0.445, 0.108) | 0.03 | –0.245* (–0.448, 0.043) | 0.12 | –0.010** (–0.017, 0.003) | 0.15 | |||
| % White | 0.046 (–0.018, 0.109) | 0.05 | 0.047* (0.001, 0.094) | 0.09 | 0.002* (0.000, 0.003) | 0.10 | |||
| Median age | –0.254 (–0.637, 0.129) | 0.04 | –0.253 (–0.533, 0.028) | 0.07 | –0.009 (–0.019, 0.001) | 0.07 | |||
| Background check | 3.519** (1.294, 5.744) | 0.19 | 3.146*** (1.517, 4.775) | 0.26 | 0.099** (0.040, 0.157) | 0.21 | |||
| Set—open carry restricted | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.75 | ||||||
| Population density | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.05 | |||
| % of state below poverty line | –0.136 (–0.511, 0.239) | 0.01 | –0.024 (–0.309, 0.261) | 0.00 | 0.008 (–0.003, 0.018) | 0.05 | |||
| % aged > 25 y with college degree | –0.215 (–0.486, 0.057) | 0.05 | –0.292** (–0.499, 0.086) | 0.16 | –0.012** (–0.019, 0.004) | 0.18 | |||
| % White | 0.051 (–0.011, 0.114) | 0.06 | 0.055* (0.008, 0.103) | 0.11 | 0.002* (0.000, 0.004) | 0.12 | |||
| Median age | –0.414* (–0.787, 0.040) | 0.10 | –0.394** (–0.677, 0.110) | 0.15 | –0.014* (–0.024, 0.003) | 0.14 | |||
| Open carry restricted | 3.025** (1.092, 4.957) | 0.18 | 2.381** (0.912, 3.850) | 0.20 | 0.066 * (0.013, 0.120) | 0.13 | |||
| Set—gun lock required | 0.46 | 0.60 | 0.76 | ||||||
| Population density | –0.001 (–0.002, 0.001) | 0.03 | 0.000 (–0.001, 0.001) | 0.01 | 0.000 (0.000, 0.000) | 0.12 | |||
| % of state below poverty line | –0.024 (–0.421, 0.374) | 0.00 | 0.062 (–0.243, 0.367) | 0.00 | 0.011* (0.001, 0.021) | 0.10 | |||
| % aged > 25 y with college degree | –0.144 (–0.448, 0.160) | 0.02 | –0.241* (–0.474, 0.008) | 0.09 | –0.009* (–0.016, 0.001) | 0.10 | |||
| % White | 0.072* (0.009, 0.135) | 0.11 | 0.072** (0.024, 0.120) | 0.17 | 0.002** (0.001, 0.004) | 0.18 | |||
| Median age | –0.356 (–0.748, 0.037) | 0.07 | –0.349* (–0.650, 0.048) | 0.11 | –0.012* (–0.022, 0.002) | 0.12 | |||
| Gun lock required | 4.085* (0.456, 7.713) | 0.11 | 3.073* (0.291, 5.855) | 0.10 | 0.137** (0.043, 0.230) | 0.17 | |||
Note. CI = confidence interval. All demographic and clinical characteristics refer to status and numbers from 2013. Information on laws was compiled from the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
Source. Information on suicide deaths was compiled from the Centers for Disease and Control Prevention. Information on poverty and population density was compiled from the US Census Bureau.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.