TABLE 2—

Cross-Tabulation of Selected Independent Variables by Cost-Related Medication Underuse Measures Among US Adults Aged 18–64 Years (n = 44 574): National Health Interview Survey, 2011 and 2012

	Dependent Variables, Weighted Proportions
Variables	Skipped Medications (n = 3814)	Took Less Medication (n = 4031)	Delayed Filling Prescription (n = 4962)	Lower-Cost Medication (n = 8753)	Could Not Afford Medication (n = 4990)
Independent variables
Food security
High	0.047	0.051	0.064	0.169	0.055
Marginal	0.113	0.114	0.153	0.251	0.166
Low	0.189	0.199	0.239	0.297	0.271
Very low	0.303	0.319	0.375	0.386	0.407
Control variables
Gender
Female	0.101	0.107	0.136	0.241	0.128
Male	0.063	0.066	0.079	0.159	0.085
Age, y
18–24	0.042	0.043	0.060	0.116	0.075
25–44	0.080	0.085	0.111	0.194	0.110
45–64	0.099	0.104	0.121	0.237	0.115
Marital status
Separated	0.153	0.160	0.195	0.252	0.209
Divorced	0.134	0.139	0.166	0.265	0.164
Married	0.067	0.070	0.089	0.207	0.078
Single or never married	0.069	0.073	0.094	0.155	0.103
Widowed	0.129	0.147	0.166	0.274	0.170
Family type
1 adult, no children	0.091	0.097	0.117	0.195	0.119
Multiple adults, no children	0.077	0.081	0.096	0.217	0.099
1 adult, ≥ 1 children	0.121	0.126	0.163	0.229	0.154
Multiple adults, ≥ 1 children	0.070	0.075	0.098	0.187	0.092
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	0.091	0.095	0.112	0.167	0.133
Non-Hispanic White	0.080	0.084	0.105	0.215	0.098
Non-Hispanic Black	0.096	0.107	0.137	0.197	0.145
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.048	0.047	0.053	0.126	0.046
Non-Hispanic other	0.119	0.122	0.145	0.216	0.148
US citizenship
US citizen	0.084	0.088	0.111	0.209	0.107
Non-US citizen	0.073	0.077	0.082	0.122	0.107
Income-to-poverty ratio
< 1.00	0.126	0.134	0.157	0.205	0.194
1.00–1.99	0.135	0.136	0.169	0.244	0.183
2.00–2.99	0.098	0.102	0.128	0.228	0.114
3.00–3.99	0.065	0.071	0.099	0.212	0.075
≥ 4.00	0.033	0.037	0.047	0.163	0.031
Highest family education
< high school	0.113	0.119	0.136	0.185	0.168
High-school graduate or GED	0.110	0.115	0.135	0.215	0.145
Some college or associate’s degree	0.098	0.104	0.132	0.221	0.130
≥ college grad	0.049	0.052	0.068	0.181	0.055
Home tenure status
Owned/being bought	0.068	0.073	0.087	0.206	0.078
Rented	0.101	0.105	0.135	0.196	0.144
Other arrangement	0.101	0.104	0.127	0.199	0.150
Health insurance coverage
No coverage	0.167	0.174	0.204	0.252	0.251
Partial coverage	0.147	0.162	0.214	0.284	0.222
Full coverage	0.055	0.058	0.074	0.182	0.059
Diagnosed chronic condition
No	0.045	0.048	0.062	0.136	0.066
Yes	0.129	0.136	0.165	0.282	0.158
Functional limitation
Not limited in any way	0.048	0.050	0.065	0.149	0.065
Has a functional limitation	0.162	0.173	0.207	0.321	0.202
Severe mental illness
No	0.072	0.076	0.097	0.192	0.095
Yes	0.334	0.355	0.394	0.443	0.417
BMI category (kg/m2)
Underweight (< 18.5)	0.083	0.089	0.090	0.187	0.098
Normal weight (18.5–24.99)	0.066	0.069	0.088	0.170	0.086
Overweight (25–29.99)	0.075	0.081	0.096	0.192	0.098
Obese (30–39.99)	0.102	0.108	0.136	0.239	0.133
Severely obese (≥ 40)	0.162	0.163	0.205	0.317	0.199
Smoking
Current	0.132	0.135	0.166	0.243	0.183
Former	0.085	0.092	0.115	0.236	0.108
Never	0.063	0.068	0.084	0.175	0.078
Alcohol use
Lifetime abstainer	0.079	0.081	0.097	0.162	0.097
Former drinker	0.126	0.135	0.158	0.266	0.158
Infrequent, light, or moderate	0.076	0.080	0.102	0.200	0.100
Current heavy	0.081	0.082	0.106	0.190	0.112
US region of residence
Northeast	0.066	0.066	0.081	0.145	0.081
Midwest	0.081	0.081	0.105	0.215	0.101
South	0.093	0.100	0.126	0.235	0.124
West	0.081	0.089	0.103	0.176	0.106
Year of survey
2011	0.089	0.093	0.116	0.208	0.114
2012	0.077	0.082	0.100	0.195	0.100
Total	0.083	0.087	0.108	0.202	0.107

Note. BMI = body mass index; GED = general equivalency diploma. All differences were significant at P < .001 except that for citizenship status, which was significant at P < .05 for skipping medications (P = .03) and less medications (P = 02); year of survey, which was significant at P < .01 for lower-cost medication (P = .009); citizenship status, which was not significant for cannot afford medications (P = .94); and home tenure, which was not significant for lower-cost medication (P = .12).