TABLE 3—
Age-Adjusted Single-Level Linear Regression Models for the Association Between the Life-Course Socioeconomic Index and Life Satisfaction by Gender and Welfare Regime Among Adults Aged 50–75 Years: Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe, 2006–2007
| Women, b (95% CI) |
Men, b (95% CI) |
|||||||
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| Southern | ||||||||
| Life-course SEI | 2.65*** (2.21, 3.09) | 2.55*** (2.11, 2.99) | 2.39*** (1.93, 2.84) | 1.57*** (1.10, 2.05) | 1.75*** (1.32, 2.17) | 1.69*** (1.26, 2.12) | 1.54*** (0.11, 1.97) | 0.60** (0.15, 1.06) |
| Cohabitation | ||||||||
| Living as couple (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Living as single | . . . | −0.57*** (–0.75, –0.39) | −0.55*** (–0.73, –0.37) | −0.49*** (–0.67, –0.32) | . . . | −0.42*** (–0.63, –0.22) | −0.40*** (–0.60, –0.20) | −0.48*** (–0.68, –0.29) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Retired (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Employed | . . . | . . . | −0.06 (–0.29, 0.17) | −0.06 (–0.29, 0.16) | . . . | . . . | 0.12 (–0.08, 0.31) | 0.10 (–0.09, 0.29) |
| Other | . . . | . . . | −1.28*** (–1.65, –0.91) | −1.15*** (–1.51, –0.79) | . . . | . . . | −0.71*** (–1.04, –0.37) | −0.57*** (−0.90, –0.25) |
| Homemaker | . . . | . . . | −0.04 (–0.21, 0.13) | 0.02 (–0.15, 0.18) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Ability to make ends meet | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.40*** (0.32, 0.48) | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.39*** (0.31, 0.47) |
| % attenuation | . . . | 3.77 | 9.81 | 40.75 | . . . | 3.43 | 12.00 | 65.71 |
| Scandinavian | ||||||||
| Life-course SEI | 0.90*** (0.47, 1.33) | 0.66** (0.23, 1.09) | 0.47* (0.04, 0.89) | 0.25 (–0.19, 0.68) | 1.08*** (0.63, 1.54) | 0.74** (0.28, 1.19) | 0.62** (0.16, 1.08) | 0.34 (–0.12, 0.79) |
| Cohabitation | ||||||||
| Living as couple (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Living as single | . . . | −0.59*** (–0.75, –0.43) | −0.57*** (–0.73, –0.41) | −0.48*** (–0.64, –0.31) | . . . | −0.72*** (–0.92, –0.51) | −0.69*** (–0.89, –0.49) | −0.58*** (–0.78, –0.38) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Retired (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Employed | . . . | . . . | 0.22* (0.01, 0.43) | 0.14 (–0.07, 0.35) | . . . | . . . | 0.20 (–0.02, 0.43) | 0.16 (–0.06, 0.38) |
| Other | . . . | . . . | −0.62*** (–0.94, –0.31) | −0.66*** (–0.97, –0.36) | . . . | . . . | −0.32 (–0.70, 0.05) | −0.21 (–0.58, 0.16) |
| Homemaker | . . . | . . . | 0.04 (–0.53, 0.60) | 0.06 (–0.50, 0.62) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Ability to make ends meet | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.24*** (0.15, 0.34) | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.40*** (0.30, 0.50) |
| % attenuation | . . . | 26.67 | 47.78 | 72.22 | . . . | 31.48 | 42.59 | 68.52 |
| Postcommunist | ||||||||
| Life-course SEI | 3.94*** (3.26, 4.61) | 3.62*** (2.95, 4.30) | 3.44*** (2.75, 4.13) | 2.59*** (1.88, 3.29) | 3.10*** (2.35, 3.85) | 2.94*** (2.20, 3.69) | 2.46*** (1.72, 3.21) | 1.67*** (0.91, 2.43) |
| Cohabitation | ||||||||
| Living as couple (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Living as single | . . . | −0.61*** (–0.83, –0.39) | −0.61*** (–0.83, –0.39) | −0.45*** (–0.67, –0.23) | . . . | −0.62*** (–0.92, –0.32) | −0.48** (–0.78, –0.18) | −0.51*** (–0.80, –0.21) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Retired (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Employed | . . . | . . . | 0.37* (0.03, 0.71) | 0.31 (–0.02, 0.65) | . . . | . . . | 0.36* (0.02, 0.70) | 0.34* (0.01, 0.66) |
| Other | . . . | . . . | −0.23 (–0.64, 0.17) | −0.04 (–0.44, 0.36) | . . . | . . . | −0.99*** (–1.38, –0.59) | −0.81*** (–1.20, –0.43) |
| Homemaker | . . . | . . . | 0.10 (–0.43, 0.63) | 0.13 (−0.39, 0.65) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Ability to make ends meet | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.54*** (0.42, 0.67) | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.47*** (0.34, 0.60) |
| % attenuation | . . . | 8.12 | 12.69 | 34.26 | . . . | 5.16 | 20.65 | 46.13 |
| Bismarckian | ||||||||
| Life-course SEI | 1.57*** (1.25, 1.88) | 1.33*** (1.02, 1.64) | 1.23*** (0.91, 1.54) | 0.60*** (0.28, 0.92) | 1.41*** (1.10, 1.71) | 1.30*** (0.99, 1.60) | 1.09*** (0.78, 1.40) | 0.61*** (0.30, 0.93) |
| Cohabitation | ||||||||
| Living as couple (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Living as single | . . . | −0.67*** (–0.78, –0.56) | −0.65*** (–0.77, –0.54) | −0.50*** (–0.61, –0.38) | . . . | −0.46*** (–0.60, –0.31) | −0.43*** (–0.57, –0.28) | −0.42*** (–0.57, –0.28) |
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Retired (Ref) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Employed | . . . | . . . | 0.17* (0.00, 0.33) | 0.13 (–0.03, 0.29) | . . . | . . . | 0.24** (0.08, 0.41) | 0.22** (0.06, 0.38) |
| Other | . . . | . . . | −0.39*** (−0.61, –0.18) | −0.25* (–0.46, –0.04) | . . . | . . . | −0.49*** (–0.71, –0.27) | −0.29** (–0.51, –0.07) |
| Homemaker | . . . | . . . | 0.07 (–0.08, 0.21) | 0.09 (–0.06, 0.23) | . . . | . . . | . . . | . . . |
| Ability to make ends meet | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.40*** (0.34, 0.46) | . . . | . . . | . . . | 0.33*** (0.27, 0.39) |
| % attenuation | . . . | 15.29 | 21.66 | 61.78 | . . . | 7.80 | 22.70 | 56.74 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; SEI = socioeconomic index. Model 1 contains age, age-squared, the life-course SEI, and country dummy variables. Model 2 contains age, age-squared, the life-course SEI, country dummy variables, and cohabitation status. Model 3 contains age, age-squared, the life-course SEI, country dummy variables, cohabitation status, and employment status. Model 4 contains age, age-squared, the life-course SEI, country dummy variables, cohabitation status, employment status, and ability to make ends meet.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.