Ref (type)	Population	Outcome, Interventions	Results and statistical analysis	Effect size	Favours
Failure to respond to treatment
Systematic review	Adults with chronic non-malignant pain based in primary, secondary, and tertiary care 4 RCTs in this analysis	Failure to respond to treatment (response defined as 3 or more complete spontaneous bowel movements [BM] per week after 4 weeks [2 RCTs], no need for laxatives [1 RCT], and satisfaction with relief of constipation [1 RCT]) 199/450 (44%) with naloxone 244/348 (70%) with placebo	RR 0.64 95% CI 0.56 to 0.72 P <0.00001 NNT 4 95% CI 3 to 5	Small effect size	naloxone
RCT	185 adults with moderate to severe cancer pain	Change from baseline in Bowel Function Index (BFI) score (0–100) 4 weeks with PR oxycodone/naloxone plus PR oxycodone placebo with PR oxycodone plus PR oxycodone/naloxone placebo Absolute results reported graphically	Difference 11.14 95% CI 3.24 to 19.03 P <0.01 The RCT reported that changes in BFI scores of 12 or more represent clinically meaningful changes, while those <7.5 are unlikely to be clinically meaningful	Effect size not calculated	PR oxycodone/naloxone