Table 3.
Baseline Comparisons Between Restorative Care Participants and Nonparticipants
| Total sample, N = 7,735 | Received restorative care, N = 1,864 | Did not receive restorative care, N = 5,871 | Chi-square | t | p valuea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Mean ± SD | % | Mean ± SD | % | Mean ± SD | ||||
| Resident traits | |||||||||
| Age in years | 84.8±8.0 | 85.2±8.1 | 84.6±8.0 | −2.8 | .005 | ||||
| Length of stay in years | 3.2±3.4 | 3.3±3.5 | 3.1±3.3 | −2.1 | .04 | ||||
| Female | 75.4 | 74.5 | 75.7 | 1.2 | .27 | ||||
| White race | 88.9 | 89.4 | 88.7 | 0.8 | .38 | ||||
| Live in urban nursing home | 52.2 | 47.5 | 61.1 | 25.0 | <.001 | ||||
| Live in for profit nursing home | 59.2 | 52.8 | 53.8 | 57.5 | <.001 | ||||
| Cognitive Performance Scale score (range 0–6) | 2.3±1.4 | 2.5±1.3 | 2.2±1.4 | −9.0 | <.001 | ||||
| Frailty (range 0–15) | 6.3±2.2 | 6.2±1.9 | 6.3±2.3 | 1.5 | .15 | ||||
| Number of disabling diseases (range 0–10) | 2.5±1.4 | 2.8±1.4 | 2.4±1.3 | −10.3 | <.001 | ||||
| Mood scale (range 0–14) | 0.9±1.6 | 1.0±1.7 | 0.9±1.5 | −4.4 | <.001 | ||||
| Social engagement (range 0–6) | 2.5±1.7 | 2.5±1.7 | 2.5±1.6 | 0.3 | .76 | ||||
| Pain: none | 60.3 | 63.6 | 59.2 | 26.5 | <.001 | ||||
| Pain: mild | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.0 | ||||||
| Pain: moderate | 13.7 | 11.4 | 14.4 | ||||||
| Pain: severe | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.4 | ||||||
| Number of physical impairments (range 0–4) | 2.7±1.2 | 3.0±1.1 | 2.5±1.2 | −14.7 | <.001 | ||||
| Activities of daily living dependency at baseline (range 0–28) | 15.3±7.6 | 17.5±7.2 | 14.6±7.7 | −14.2 | <.001 | ||||
| Nurse indicated resident had ability to improve ADL dependency | 26.9 | 17.5 | 29.9 | 111.3 | <.001 | ||||
| Nursing home traits | |||||||||
| Percentage of residents with Medicare reimbursement | 3.0 | 1 | 3.0 | 5.2 | <.001 | ||||
| Percentage of residents with Medicaid reimbursement | 20.0 | 26 | 18 | −7.0 | <.001 | ||||
| Hours of patient contact with nursing staff | 73.3±110.2 | 70.5±107.1 | 74.2±111.2 | 1.2 | .22 | ||||
| Medical Director certification | 84.4 | 82.6 | 84.9 | 5.7 | .02 | ||||
| Director of Nursing certification | 37.3 | 34.6 | 38.2 | 7.7 | .006 | ||||
| Facility accreditation | 11.1 | 9.4 | 11.7 | 7.0 | .008 | ||||
Note: a p value comes from univariable Chi-square test for categorical variables, and t-test for continuous variables. ADL = Activities of daily living.