| Cytochrome
P 450 (CYP) |
|
|
| heme-containing
superfamily of oxidase enzymes responsible for the metabolism of both
endogenous and exogenous substrates; these are the main enzymes involved
in drug metabolism |
α-viniferin; (294) |
0.9 |
| suffruticosol B; (263) |
N/A |
| ε-viniferin; (295) |
N/A |
| Cyclooxygenase
(COX)-1 and -2 |
|
|
| key enzymes
responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins;
implicated in pain, fever, inflammation and tumorigenesis. |
δ-viniferin-glucopyranoside; 296
|
3.7 |
| α-viniferin; (277, 278, 283) |
4.9 |
| Inducible
Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) |
|
|
| transcription
of iNOS gene is controlled by a variety of inflammatory
mediators such as lipopolyssacharides (LPS) or cytokines; nitric oxide
(NO) plays an important role in cellular signaling and iNOS has been implicated in autoimmune and inflammatory processes |
vitisin A; (297, 298) |
3.9 |
| vitisin B; (297) |
4.7 |
| ε-viniferin; (261, 299) |
N/A |
| α-viniferin; (283, 279) |
N/A |
| Protein Kinase
C (PKC) |
|
|
| phosphorylating
enzymes with key roles in signal transduction such as regulating transcription,
membrane structure, immune response, and cell growth; overexpression
implicated in cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer’s
disease, among others |
α-viniferin; (300, 301) |
62.5 |
| kobophenol A; (300) |
52.0 |
| miyabenol C; (273, 300) |
27.5 |
| Sphingosine
Kinase 1 (SK1) |
|
|
| lipid kinase
that catalyzes the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate, an important
signaling molecule involved in vascular and immune regulation; SK1
has been implicated in cancer progression. |
ampelopsin A; (256) |
N/A |
| balanocarpol; (256) |
N/A |
| Acetylcholine
Esterase (AChE) |
|
|
| catalyzes the
hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to acetate and choline
at near-diffusion rates, a critical reaction for synaptic transmission;
inhibition has been targeted for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer’s |
α-viniferin; (302, 303) |
2.0 |
| vitisin A; (304) |
1.0 |
| heyneanol A; (304) |
1.7 |
| others; 86, 91, 121, 195, 277, 304
|
|
| HIV-1 Integrase/MOS-1
Transposase |
|
|
| polynucleotidyl
transferases catalyze the excision, transfer, and reintegration of
DNA fragments, an essential process for genome evolution; retroviruses
such as HIV rely on integrases for the incorporation of viral DNA
into the host genome |
hopeaphenol; (305) |
7.0 |
| pallidol; (305) |
9.0 |
| Xanthine
Oxidase (XO) |
|
|
| oxidase enzyme containing
a molybdopterin-ligated molybdenum oxo- that catalyzes the oxidation
of hypoxanthine to xanthine and further to uric acid; XO also produces
ROS and has been targeted for chemotherapeutic applications in cardiovascular
diseases |
vaticanol
A; (91) |
23.3 |
| Topoisomerase
II (Topo II) |
|
|
| modifies DNA
by breaking and religating each of the strands of the phosphodiester
backbone, resulting in strain-releasing relaxation of supercoiled
DNA and catenation/decatenation of circular DNA, both important processes
for cell reproduction (cancer)306
|
hemsleyanol C; (316) |
1.0 |
| α-viniferin-glucopyranoside; 316
|
4.0 |
| nepalensinol B; (128) |
0.022 |
| nepalensinol F; (307) |
5.5 |
| Multidrug
Resistance-Associated Protein 1 (MRP1) |
|
|
| functions as
a transporter of various endogenous substrates such as folates, glutathione
disulfide (GSSH), glutathionated-, glucoronidated- or sulfated-steroids,
leukotrienes, prostaglandins and bile salts, as well as exogenous
xenobiotics including a wide range of therapeutic agents308
|
(+)-α-viniferin; (309) |
0.8 |
| sophorastilbene
A; (309) |
3.1 |
