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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 11.
Published in final edited form as: Nutr Rev. 2009 Nov;67(0 2):S152–S163. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00236.x

Figure 1. Interactive effects of malnutrition and infection on immune response.

Figure 1

Illustration of some of the ways in which malnutrition and infection modulate immune response and central involvement of the hypothalamic pituitary axis, as described in the text. Abbreviations: APR, acute-phase response; IR, immune response; lymphs, lymphocytes; grans, granulocytes; pre T, B, early uncommitted T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow; Pro T, B early committed T and B lymphocytes in bone marrow; TLR, Toll-like receptor.