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Annual rate of decline in postbronchodilator FEV1 adjusted by age, sex, height, weight, smoking status, and medication possession ratio of respiratory medications (ICS-LABA and LAMA).
Notes: (A) Among GOLD groups (A–D). (B) Among GOLD stages (I–IV).
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS-LABA, inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist.
