Table 1.
Affective-like and cognitive behavioral and inflammatory consequences of peripheral tumor growth in rodents.
| Publication | Tumor model | Behavioral Tests | Putative Behavioral Correlate | Peripheral Inflammatory Measures | Central Inflammatory Measures | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yang 2012 | mouse breast (SI; sc) | Tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ | hippocampal COX-2 and iNOS expression | ||
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| Yang 2014 | mouse colorectal (SI; sc) | Tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ blood IL-6 | ⬆ | hippocampal IL-6 and TNFa mRNA | |
| ⬇ | cell proliferation and neurogenesis markers and qualitatively shorter dendrites in dentate gyrus | ||||||
| ⬇ | hippocampal BDNF and COX-2 mRNA | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Fang 2012 | mouse colorectal (SI; sc) | Tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ blood IL-12 (initially) | ⬇ | binding ratio of 123I-ADAM in various SERT-rich in relevant brain regions | |
|
| |||||||
| Qi 2009 | mouse hepatoma (SI; ip) | Tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬇ | whole brain SOD activity (reversible by fluoxetine) | ||
| ⬇ | hippocampal GMFβ and BDNF mRNA (reversible by fluoxetine) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Norden 2014 | mouse colorectal (SI; sc) | Tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ blood IL-6 | ⬆ | cortical microglial activation (reversible by minocycline) | |
| Sucrose anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ⬆ | hippocampal and cortical IL-1β and IL-6 (reversible by minocycline) | ||||
|
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| DeWys 1974 | rat breast (SI; sc?) | Sucrose anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ||||
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| Lamkin 2010 | mouse ovarian (SI; ip) | Sucrose anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ⬆ blood IL-6, TNFα, IL-10 | |||
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| Xiu 2010 | rat breast (SI; sc) | Sucrose anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ||||
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| Smith 1994 | rat sarcoma (implant; sc) | Sucrose/saccharine anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ||||
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| Pyter 2009 | rat breast (carcinogen) | Porsolt forced swim | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ tumor IL-1β and GM-CSF mRNA | ⬆ | hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 | |
| Sucrose anhedonia | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (anhedonia) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Papiez 2009 | rat myeloid leukemia (SI; ip) | Porsolt forced swim | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬇ | cortical and hippocampal antioxident potential | ||
| ⬆ | cortical and hippocampal lipid peroxidation, mRNA response to oxidative stress challenge | ||||||
| ⬆ | cortical and hippocampal SOD activity (but initial decrease in hippocampus) | ||||||
| ⬆ | cortical 5-HT2a denstity and binding affinity of β-adrenergic receptors | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Lebena 2014 | mouse melanoma (SI; iv) | tail suspension | ⬆ depressive-like behavior (learned helplessness/behavioral despair) | ⬆ blood IL-6 for large tumors | ⬆ | hippocampal IL-6 and TNFα mRNA | |
| ⬇ | striatal DOPAC, DA, 5-HT; prefrontal 5-HIAA, 5-HIAA/5- HT | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Vegas 2004 | mouse melanoma (SI; iv) | Social defeat | ⬆ potentially depressive-like behavior (social avoidance) | ⬇ | hypothalamic 5-HT | ||
| ⬆ | hypothalamic 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Vegas 2004 | mouse melanoma (SI; iv) | Social defeat | ⬆ anxiety-like behavior (exploration) | ⬇ ⬆ |
hypothalamic 5-HT | ||
| ⬆ | hypothalamic 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Pyter 2009 | rat breast (carcinogen) | Marble burying | ⬆ anxiety-like behavior (obsessive- complusive) | ⬆ tumor IL-1β and GM-CSF mRNA | hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-10 | ||
|
| |||||||
| Qi 2009 | mouse hepatoma (SI; ip) | Total locomotor activity | ⬆ sickness behavior (lethargy) | ⬇ anxiety-like behavior (hyperactivity) | ⬇ | whole brain SOD activity (reversible by fluoxetine) | |
| ⬇ | hippocampal GMFβ and BDNF mRNA (reversible by fluoxetine) | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Fang 2012 | mouse colorectal (SI; sc) | Total locomotor activity Total | ⬆ sickness behavior (lethargy) | ⬇ anxiety-like behavior (hyperactivity) | ⬆ blood IL-12 (initially) | ⬇ | binding ratio of 123I-ADAM in various SERT-rich in relevant brain regions |
|
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| Xiu 2010 | rat breast (SI; sc) | locomotor activity | ⬆ sickness behavior (lethargy) | ⬇ anxiety-like behavior (hyperactivity) | |||
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| Lamkin 2010 | mouse ovarian (SI; ip) | Total locomotor activity | ⬆ sickness behavior (lethargy) | ⬇ anxiety-like behavior (hyperactivity) | ⬆ blood IL-6, TNFα, IL-10 | ||
|
| |||||||
| Papiez 2009 | rat myeloid leukemia (SI; ip) | Total locomotor activity | ⬆ sickness behavior (lethargy) | ⬇ anxiety-like behavior (hyperactivity) | ⬇ | cortical and hippocampal antioxident potential | |
| ⬆ | cortical and hippocampal lipid peroxidation, mRNA response to oxidative stress challenge | ||||||
| ⬆ | cortical and hippocampal SOD activity (but initial decrease in hippocampus) | ||||||
| ⬆ | cortical 5-HT2a denstity and binding affinity of β-adrenergic receptors | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Yang 2014 | mouse colorectal (SI; sc) | Novel object recognition | ⬇ cognition (temporal lobe-dependent learning and memory) | ⬆ | hippocampal IL-6 and TNFa mRNA | ||
| ⬇ | cell proliferation and neurogenesis markers and qualitatively shorter dendrites in dentate gyrus | ||||||
| ⬇ | hippocampal BDNF and COX-2 mRNA | ||||||
|
| |||||||
| Pyter 2010 | rat breast (carcinogen) | Radial arm maze | ⬇ cognition (hippocampal-dependent learning and memory - aversive) | ⬆ | hippocampal IL-1β mRNA | ||
| Novel object recognition | ⬇ cognition (temporal lobe-dependent learning and memory) | ||||||
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| Bernstein 1985 | rat leydigcell and breast (both implant; sc) | Taste aversion (in advanced disease) | ⬇ cognition (classical conditioning with tumor as unconditioned stimulus) | ||||
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| Treneer 1987 | rat leydig cell (implant; sc) and tumor resection | Taste aversion (reversal learning) | ⬇ cognition (classical conditioning with tumor as unconditioned stimulus) | ||||
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| Bernstein 1980 | rat sarcoma (implant; sc) | Taste aversion | ⬆ cognition (classical conditioning with tumor as unconditioned stimulus) | ||||
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| Bernstein 1983 | rat leydig cell (implant; sc) | Taste aversion | ⬆ cognition (classical conditioning with tumor as unconditioned stimulus) | ||||
N/C = No change
SI = syngeneic inoculation
sc = subcutaneous
iv = intravenous
ip = intraperitoneal
OVX = ovariectomized