TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | No. of patients | % male | Agee (yr) | Hemoglobine (g/dl) | HRP-2e (AU) | Creatininee (mg/dl) | ALTe (IU/liter) | GCSe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MM | 57 | 78.9 | 29 (22–39) | 10.8 (9.6–12.6) | 9.8 (1.1–20.6) | 1.3 (1.0–1.5) | 39.0 (28.7–51.0) | 15 |
| Severe malaria | 180 | 82.2 | 29 (22–45) | 10.0 (8.0–11.4) | 22.8 (8.0–40.8)*** | 2.2 (1.2–5.4) | 58.0 (39.0–85.0) | 11 |
| CMa | 48 | 81.3 | 28 (20–40) | 10.2 (8.7–11.9) | 22.5 (4.3–40.7)# | 1.3 (1.1–1.7) | 46.0 (33.3–60.8) | 9 |
| ARFb | 23 | 91.3 | 30 (25–45) | 9.6 (8.0–10.2) | 28.1 (10.9–42.6) | 7.0 (5.8–9.1) | 41.0 (33.3–55.5) | 15 |
| Hepatopathyc | 12 | 75.0 | 29 (26–40) | 10.3 (9.2–11.0) | 13.3 (1.6–25.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 131.5 (99.8–189.0) | 15 |
| Systolic shockd | 4 | 50.0 | 40 (40–46) | 12.7 (7.4–13.6) | 23.7 (20.2–37.4) | 2.3 (1.3–2.7) | 60.5 (44.3–70.8) | 15 |
| Other SNCMf | 37 | 73.0 | 28 (22–40) | 9.5 (6.4–12.0) | 14.5 (5.1–29.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 53.0 (33.0–72.0) | 15 |
| MOD | 14 | 85.7 | 27 (22–53) | 10.2 (8.7–11.6) | 20.7 (3.0–34.6) | 4.3 (3.0–8.6) | 136.0 (93.3–160.0) | 15 |
| CM-MOD | 42 | 90.5 | 35 (23–47) | 9.6 (8.0–11.4) | 34.1 (20.9–54.2)### | 5.4 (3.8–8.1) | 68.0 (50.5–104.5) | 9 |
| Total | 237 | 76.6 | 29 (22–41) | 10.0 (8.3–12.0) | 20.5 (5.6–34.5) | 1.6 (1.1–4.2) | 52.0 (36.0–79.5) | 15 |
CM was diagnosed as a GCS of ≤10.
ARF was diagnosed as plasma creatinine levels of >3 mg/dl.
Hepatopathy was diagnosed as ALT and AST at >3 times the normal level or as AST at >2 times the normal level and bilirubin levels of >6 mg/dl.
Systolic shock was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure of <80 mmHg.
Values are medians (interquartile ranges). ***, P ≤ 0.001 for comparison of mild malaria (MM) and severe malaria cases using the Mann-Whitney test. P ≤ 0.05 (#) and P ≤ 0.001 (###) for comparisons of mild malaria cases, patients affected with cerebral malaria (CM), acute renal failure (ARF), hepatopathy, systolic shock, other sever noncerebral malaria cases (SNCM), multiple organ dysfunction (MOD), and CM with MOD (CM-MOD) using the Kruskal-Wallis test with a Dunn's posttest.
Jaundice, severe anemia, acidosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.