Table 5.
Public Accommodations in Past 12 Months and Health Care Utilization (n = 452)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postponed Care | Postponed Care | Postponed Routine | ||||
| That Resulted in | When Sick or | Preventive Care,c | ||||
| Emergency Care,a10.62% | Injured,b19.25% | 23.67% | ||||
| aRR (95% CI) | p-value | aRR (95% CI) | p-value | aRR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Discrimination in health care (Y/N) | 2.38 (1.76, 3.23) | < 0.0001 | 3.41 (2.63, 4.43) | < 0.0001 | 2.43 (1.92, 3.08) | < 0.0001 |
| Public accommodations discrimination (number of settings) | 1.64 (1.46, 1.84) | < 0.0001 | 1.77 (1.61, 1.96) | < 0.0001 | 1.55 (1.42, 1.69) | < 0.0001 |
| Age (in years) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.667 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.010 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.0001 |
| FTM vs MTF spectrum | 1.72 (1.18, 2.49) | 0.005 | 3.15 (2.25, 4.41) | < 0.0001 | 2.05 (1.55, 2.72) | < 0.0001 |
| POC vs white (non-Hispanic) | 0.41 (0.27, 0.64) | < 0.0001 | 0.27 (0.18, 0.40) | < 0.0001 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.58) | < 0.0001 |
| Medical gender affirmation | 0.97 (0.72, 1.32) | 0.857 | 4.07 (3.08, 5.37) | < 0.0001 | 1.61 (1.28, 2.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Moderated GNC expression vs lowe GNC expression | 1.31 (0.93, 1.83) | 0.121 | 1.01 (0.75, 1.34) | 0.975 | 0.95 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.716 |
| Highf GNC expression vs lowe GNC expression | 0.88 (0.58, 1.33) | 0.536 | 0.55 (0.38, 0.80) | 0.002 | 0.76 (0.56, 1.03) | 0.077 |
| Low income | 1.38 (1.00, 1.92) | 0.050 | 1.47 (1.12, 1.93) | 0.005 | 1.81 (1.42, 2.31) | < 0.0001 |
| Low education | 1.09 (0.71, 1.67) | 0.698 | 0.51 (0.33, 0.78) | 0.002 | 0.71 (0.49, 1.04) | 0.080 |
| Employed vs not employed | 0.79 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.160 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.21) | 0.528 | 1.40 (1.08, 1.80) | 0.010 |
| Public/no insurance vs private | 2.92 (2.04, 4.17) | < 0.0001 | 0.81 (0.58, 1.11) | 0.184 | 0.62 (0.46, 0.82) | 0.001 |
| Online vs in-person survey mode | 0.36 (0.20, 0.66) | 0.0009 | 0.50 (0.30, 0.86) | 0.010 | 0.46 (0.28, 0.74) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: aRR = adjusted risk ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; FTM = female-to-male; MTF = male-to-female; POC = people of color; GNC = gender-nonconforming.
aI postponed or did not try to get medical care when I needed it, and this resulted in a medical emergency in which I had to go to the ER or urgent care clinic to get immediate help.
bBecause of my transgender identity or nonconforming gender expression, I postponed or did not try to get medical care when I was sick or injured because of disrespect or mistreatment from doctors or other health care providers.
cBecause of my transgender identity or nonconforming gender expression, I postponed or did not try to get checkups or other preventive medical care because of disrespect or mistreatment from doctors or other health care providers.
dModerate: People can tell I’m trans/GNC “somtimes.”
eLow: People can tell I’m trans/GNC never/occasionally.
fHigh: People can tell I’m trans/GNC most of the time/always.