Table 2.

Threats to Columbia spotted frog persistence identified by resource managers and summary of findings from this or other studies

Threat category	Threat	Habitat variables examined	Effect on/corr. with spotted frog occupancy	Data source/citation
Habitat loss	Beaver habitat loss	HABITAT	negative	Fig.3, Table3, Appendix 2
	Fragmentation	WATERCON, LOTICLENTIC/WATERPERM	negative	Appendix 5, Hossack et al. (2015), Pilliod et al. (in press)
	Grazing	GRAZEIMPACT GRAZED	negative	Appendix 6, Appendix 7, Pilliod and Scherer (2015)
Predation/disease	Salmonids	FISHSTATUS	negative	Fig.2, Fig.4, Appendix 8, Appendix 9
	Centrarchids	FISHSTATUS	nd	More surveys needed
	Bullfrogs	Location data	na	Fig.2, Appendices 9, 10, 11, Pearl et al. (2004); Monello et al. (2006)
	Amphibian chytrid fungus	Location data	na	Appendices 10b and 11, Van Horne (2012)
Climate/weather	Climate change	HYDROPERIOD	negative	Appendix 12, Pilliod et al. (in press)
	Drought	HYDROPERIOD	negative	Appendix 12

na = threat was not examined using data from habitat surveys; occurrences from GIS databases were used instead (see Table1).

nd = none detected during habitat surveys.