For each dataset (i.e., State), habitat variables collected at each water body and included as potential predictor variables in NPMR analyses of spotted frog occupancy. Variables are grouped into several functional categories for clarity.
| Variable category | Variable | Units | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | |||
| Species detected | RALUOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of Columbia spotted frogs (RALU), where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected |
| FISHOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of the site by any species of fish, where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected | |
| FISHSTATUS | Categorical | Whether the site was occupied by trout (±other species), only nontrout fish, or no fish were detected | |
| PREDOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of the site by any species known to prey on RALU (e.g., garter snakes, bullfrogs) | |
| GRAZEIMPACT | Categorical | Whether grazing impacts to the site were none, light, heavy structural, or heavy structural and water quality | |
| Habitat structure | HABITAT | Categorical | Whether the site was an active/inactive beaver pond, backwater/oxbow, pond, reservoir/stock pond, spring/seep, stream, or wetland/marsh habitat |
| LOTICLENTIC | Categorical | Whether the site was part of a lotic (stream, backwater/oxbow, beaver pond) or a lentic system (all other HABITAT types) | |
| MAXDEPTH | Meters | Maximum depth of the site | |
| G2M | Percent | Percent of the site greater than 2 m deep | |
| L50CM | Percent | Percent of the site less than 50 cm deep | |
| SUBSTRATE | Categorical | The dominant substrate of the site (silt/mud, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder/bedrock) | |
| ALGAE | Percent | Percent of the water surface covered by algae | |
| EMERGVEG | Percent | Percent of the water surface containing emergent vegetation | |
| WILLOW | Percent | Percent of the shoreline containing willows | |
| SITEORI | Categorical | Site origin (natural or man-made) | |
| Connectivity/hydroperiod | SITEDRY | Categorical | Whether site was dry at time of survey |
| WATERCON | Categorical | Whether the site was isolated, temporarily connected, or permanently connected to other sites via water | |
| HYDROPERIOD | Categorical | Temporarily or permanently wet | |
| Water chemistry | ALKALINITY | ppm | Water alkalinity at the time of the survey |
| HARDNESS | ppm | Water hardness at the time of the survey | |
| NITRATE | ppm | Water nitrate concentration at the time of the survey | |
| NITRITE | ppm | Water nitrite concentration at the time of the survey | |
| PH | - | Water pH at the time of the survey | |
| OR | |||
| Species detected | RALUOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of Columbia spotted frogs, where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected |
| FISHOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of the site by any species of fish, where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected | |
| FISHSTATUS | Categorical | Whether the site was occupied by trout (±other species), only nontrout fish, or no fish were detected | |
| GRAZED | Binary | Whether the site had evidence (e.g., hoof prints, feces) of cattle grazing | |
| Habitat structure | HABITAT | Categorical | Whether the site was a beaver pond, pond, reservoir/stock pond, spring/seep, or stream/river habitat |
| LOTICLENTIC | Categorical | Whether the site was part of a lotic (stream, backwater/oxbow, beaver pond) or a lentic system (all other HABITAT types) | |
| MAXDEPTH | Meters | Maximum depth of the site | |
| G2M | Percent | Percent of the site greater than 2 m deep | |
| L50CM | Percent | Percent of the site less than 50 cm deep | |
| AREA | m2 | Approximate wetted surface area of the site, derived from site length and width measurements | |
| EMERGVEG | Percent | Percent of the water surface containing emergent vegetation | |
| QUADVEGCOV | Percent | Average percent cover of emergent vegetation within 2-m quadrats placed in the water along the shoreline. Number of quadrats per site ranged 1–11 depending on site size (average = 2.5 replicate quadrats per site) | |
| QUADVEGHT | cm | Average height of emergent vegetation within 2-m quadrats placed in the water along the shoreline. Number of quadrats per site ranged 1–11 depending on site size (average = 2.5 replicate quadrats per site) | |
| QUADCOWCOV | Percent | Average percent cover of cattle feces within 2-m quadrats placed outside of the water along the shoreline. Number of quadrats per site ranged 1–11 depending on site size (average = 2.5 replicate quadrats per site) | |
| FREQBOULDER | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with boulders as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQCOBBLE | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with cobble as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQGRAVEL | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with gravel as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQLFGR | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with leaves or grass as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQMUD | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with mud as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQSAND | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with sand as the dominant substrate | |
| FREQWOOD | Frequency | Frequency (%) of quadrats inside the water, with down woody debris as the dominant substrate | |
| SITEORI | Categorical | Whether site was man-made | |
| Connectivity/hydroperiod | HYDROPERIOD | Categorical | Temporarily or permanently wet |
| Water chemistry | PH | – | Water pH at the time of the survey |
| CONDUCTIVITY | uS | Water conductivity at the time of the survey | |
| TURBID | Categorical | Whether water was turbid at the time of the survey | |
| NV | |||
| Species detected | RALUOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of Columbia spotted frogs, where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected |
| FISHOCC | Binary | Observed occupancy of the site by any species of fish, where 0 = not detected and 1 = detected | |
| FISHSTATUS | Categorical | Whether the site was occupied by trout (±other species), only nontrout fish, or no fish were detected | |
| GRAZEIMPACT | Categorical | Only for sites occupied by RALU, whether cattle grazing impacts to vegetation and water quality were low, moderate, or high | |
| Habitat structure | HABITAT | Categorical | Whether the site was an active beaver pond, inactive beaver pond, lake/pond, stream, or wetland/marsh habitat |
| MAXDEPTH | Meters | Maximum depth of the site | |
| SUBSTRATE | Categorical | The dominant substrate of the site (silt/mud, sand, gravel, cobble, boulder/bedrock) | |
| EMERGVEG | Percent | Percent of the shoreline containing emergent vegetation | |
| NSHALLOWS | Categorical | Whether the northern shoreline was shallow (less than 50 cm deep) | |
| NVEG | Categorical | Whether the northern shoreline contained emergent vegetation | |
| SITEORI | Categorical | Whether site was natural or man-made | |
| Connectivity/hydroperiod | HYDROPERIOD | Categorical | Temporarily or permanently wet based on field observations and wetland inventory data |