Table 1b.
Distribution of covariates, eating behaviors, and BMI in early adulthood (age 22–29 years) across abuse exposure in childhood (age < 11 years)
| Variable | Abuse in childhood (age<11 years)
|
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical abuse
|
Sexual abuse
|
Emotional abuse
|
|||||||
| None (n=3139) |
Mild (n=763) |
Severe (n=409) |
None (n=3961) |
Touched only (n=237) |
Forced sex (n=120) |
Least abusive (n=2741) |
More abusive (n=1172) |
Most abusive (n=415) |
|
|
| |||||||||
| Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
Mean (SD) or column % |
|
| Outcome: BMI (kg/m2) at age 22–29 years | 24.3 (5.3) | 24.5 (5.3) | 25.5 (6.0) | 24.4 (5.3) | 24.8 (5.4) | 26.6 (7.0) | 24.1 (5.2) | 24.8 (5.5) | 25.7 (6.2) |
|
| |||||||||
| Exposure-outcome covariates:
| |||||||||
| Baseline (1996) age (years) | 12.1 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) | 12.1 (1.6) | 12.1 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) | 12.1 (1.6) | 12.0 (1.6) |
| Baseline BMI percentilea, age 9–14 years | 55.6 (30.1) | 54.3 (30.7) | 58.9 (30.3) | 55.6 (30.2) | 57.3 (29.6) | 58.0 (30.4) | 55.1 (29.9) | 56.3 (30.9) | 59.4 (30.2) |
| Maternal BMI at age 18b | 20.9 (2.8) | 21.0 (2.7) | 21.1 (2.8) | 20.9 (2.8) | 20.9 (2.7) | 21.5 (2.8) | 20.8 (2.7) | 21.1 (2.9) | 21.3 (3.2) |
| Social status scorec | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.1) | 4.0 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.2) |
| Nonwhite race | 2.7% | 3.1% | 4.0% | 2.9% | 3.6% | 3.0% | 2.9% | 3.4% | 2.6% |
| Maternal antidepressant used | 21.1% | 24.8% | 31.0% | 21.8% | 26.7% | 37.7% | 21.0% | 24.5% | 27.4% |
|
| |||||||||
| Mediators:
| |||||||||
| History of any binge eating, 2010 | 33.3% | 40.2% | 49.8% | 34.9% | 51.1% | 47.7% | 31.8% | 41.3% | 52.5% |
| Coping-motivated eating, 2010: | |||||||||
| Quartile 1 | 32.5% | 26.6% | 28.0% | 31.8% | 28.1% | 24.4% | 33.0% | 28.6% | 27.4% |
| Quartile 2 | 26.5% | 25.8% | 21.0% | 26.1% | 23.8% | 17.7% | 27.0% | 24.8% | 21.5% |
| Quartile 3 | 20.5% | 21.2% | 20.1% | 20.4% | 18.9% | 24.0% | 20.4% | 20.7% | 19.2% |
| Quartile 4 | 20.5% | 26.4% | 30.8% | 21.8% | 29.2% | 34.0% | 19.6% | 25.9% | 31.9% |
|
| |||||||||
| Mediator-outcome covariates:
| |||||||||
| Ever dieted, 2005 | 75.1% | 77.1% | 80.1% | 75.3% | 84.5% | 75.5% | 74.2% | 77.4% | 83.9% |
| Physically activee, 2005 | 22.8% | 25.9% | 21.0% | 23.3% | 23.8% | 18.1% | 22.6% | 24.7% | 23.7% |
| Ever smoked, 2007 | 51.6% | 54.2% | 68.4% | 51.8% | 64.8% | 76.6% | 50.0% | 56.9% | 65.7% |
| Depression score, 2007f | 7.6 (4.7) | 9.2 (5.1) | 10.3 (5.4) | 8.0 (4.9) | 9.4 (5.1) | 11.3 (5.5) | 7.4 (4.6) | 9.1 (5.0) | 10.5 (5.6) |
Relative to CDC reference growth data [36]
Maternal body-mass index at age 18 was reported by participants’ mothers, who are participants in the Nurses’ Health Study II; maternal self-report of age-18 BMI shows good agreement with nursing school medical records [44]
Average of participant’s and mother’s reports of social status in American society (range 1–10 with 1 being highest status)
Mothers’ report of their history of antidepressant use in or prior to 2001
Averaged 10 or more hours of physical activity per week
Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale—short form[40]; a score of 10 or greater is considered a marker of significant depressive symptoms. The prevalence of significant depressive symptoms ranged from approximately 30% among women with no abuse, to approximately 50% among women with severe abuse.
BMI at age 22–29, social status score, % binge eating, coping-motivated eating, % smoking, and depression score differed significantly (p<0.05) by severity level for all abuse types. Dieting prevalence differed significantly by sexual abuse severity. Baseline BMI percentile and maternal BMI at age 18 differed significantly by emotional abuse severity.