Table 4.

χ ² test for fault location error for different types of fault.

Fault type	Parameters	Range of percentage of error		∑
		0% to ±2%	±2% to ±5%
LG	f o	420	140	${\displaystyle \sum }\left\{\frac{{\left(f_o-f_e\right)}^2}{f_e}\right\}=3.315$
	f e	437.333	122.666
	(f o − f e)2/f e	0.686	2.449
LLG	f o	440	120	${\displaystyle \sum }\left\{\frac{{\left(f_o-f_e\right)}^2}{f_e}\right\}=0.073$
	f e	437.333	122.666
	(f o − f e)2/f e	0.016	0.057
LL	f o	520	140	${\displaystyle \sum }\left\{\frac{{\left(f_o-f_e\right)}^2}{f_e}\right\}=0.188$
	f e	515.428	144.571
	(f o − f e)2/f e	0.040	0.148
LLL	f o	260	60	${\displaystyle \sum }\left\{\frac{{\left(f_o-f_e\right)}^2}{f_e}\right\}=0.9092$
	f e	249.904	70.095
	(f o − f e)2/f e	0.407	1.453
${\chi }^2[\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}]={\displaystyle \sum }\left\{\frac{{\left(f_o-f_e\right)}^2}{f_e}\right\}=4.485$