Table I.
Loss of Estrogen-mediated Effects in GPER KO mice
| System | Measurement | Observation in GPER KO* | GPER KO model and Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nervous | Prevention in EAE# | E2
 , G-1 (−) |
KO1 [98] |
| Therapy in EAE | Ethinyl estradiol (−) | KO1 [99] | |
| pERK activation in basal medial hypothalamus (ovx#) | E2 (−) | KO1 [139] | |
| Cholecystokinin- and leptin-mediated satiety | (−) (females) | KO1 [139] | |
| Cardiovascular | Vascular dilation | E2
, G-1 (−) |
KO1 [111, 197] |
| Reduction in myocardial infarct size | E2 (−) | KO2 [79] | |
| atherosclerosis |
 (females) |
KO1 [124] | |
| Kidney | Calcium flux in renal intercalated cells | E2 (−), G-1 (−), ICI182,780 (−) | KO2 [132] |
| Pancreas | STZ-induced diabetes# |
(females) |
KO1 [82] |
| Insulin secretion by islets and β-cells | E2 (−), G-1 (−) | KO1 & KO2 [50, 150] | |
| Decreased glucagon secretion | E2 (−) | KO2 [50] | |
| Islet cell survival | G-1 (−), E2 effect compensated by ERα | KO1 [82] | |
| Metabolism | Glucose tolerance (ovx) | E2 (−) | KO1 [139] |
| Serum insulin (ovx) | E2 (−) | KO2 [50] | |
| Body weight (ovx) | E2
|
KO1 [139] | |
| Adipocyte size (ovx) | E2
|
KO1 [139] | |
| Immune | Thymocyte apoptosis | E2 (−) | KO1 [52] |
| Skeletal | Longitudinal bone growth (ovx) | E2 (−) | KO2 [93] |
| Decreased growth plate height (ovx) | E2 (−) | KO2 [93] | |
| Bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume |
(males) |
KO1 [195] | |
| Cancer | Mammary tumor growth and metastasis |
|
KO1 [160] |
*
E2/G-1 (−),
: effect of estrogen (E2) or G-1 is lost (−) or diminished
in GPER KO mice;
,
, (−) (females/males): the indicated estrogen-responsive disease state or physiological effect is increased
, decreased
, or absent (−) in female/male GPER KO mice.
#
ovx, ovariectomized. EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; STZ, streptozotocin.