Table 2. Overexpression of AKR1C3 in Prostate Cancer Patients and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.

	Patient Samples			Cell Lines
	Affymetrix Microarray	qRT-PCR	IHC	LNCaP	DuCaP	VCaP	22Rv1	PC-3	DU-145
Stanbrough et al. [46]	32 CRPC patients 5.3 fold increase vs primary tumors	10-fold higher in 32 CRPC patients vs primary tumors	11/19 CRPC recurrent prostate cancer & soft tissue mets vs 1/18 primary tumors
Hofland et al [40]		10-fold hgher in CRPC (n=10; p< 0.001) vs normal prostate			Up regulated in CS-FBS 9-fold by qRT-PCR	Up regulated in CS-FBS 5-fold by qRT-PCR
Pfeiffer et al., [42]		CRPC : low grade (n=21:20) 2.3 fold			Up regulated in CS-FBS 5-fold by qRT-PCR
Jernberg et al, [47]		5-fold higher in bone mets vs hormone naïve patients (n=51; p< 0.01)	Bone mets. n =51 (rs with RNA 0.73; p< 0.000001)
Hamid et al., [39]		3-fold Higher AKR1C3 (n =41) than in BPH (n= 9 samples p< 0.001)	41 samples IHC staining (Rs with RNA 0.39; <0.0001)	−ive IB	+ ive IB	+++ ive IB	++ ive IB AR7V	+ ive IB	−ive IB
Tian et al., [43]			3-fold higher in 40 needle biopsy GS=6, GS=7, GS=8, GS= 9 vs low grade GS (n=10 group; p <0.05) .Positive correlation with Gleason Score
Mitsiades et al., [44]	6/19 mets upregulated	Upregulated 3- fold in 30% mCRPC (n =19) vs normal prostate (n=19) and in 5 patients CTCs		AKR1C3 o/exp upon ADT CS- FBS (16- fold) or MDV3100 (6-fold) by qRT- PCR Repressed by R1881 (16-fold) by qRT- PCR
Fankhauser et al. [79]	20 samples: NS Enrichment of HSD17B genes as a group q value <0.1	2-fold higher in hormone refractory cancer vs BPH (n=4 p<0.012) Taylor cohort mCRPC 153% increase vs BPH (n= 41 p <0.001)
Powell et al. [42].	25 mCRPC tumors by microarray show high correlation between AKR1C3 expression and ERG p < 0.0001 rs = 0.69	Up to 100-fold increase in AKR1C3 and 250-fold increase in ERG expression

CS-FBS = charcoal stripped FBS; BPH= benign prostatic hyperplasia; GS = Gleason Grade; IB = immunoblot (+ to +++ intensity of staining within the same experiment);