Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Biodiversity Data Journal logoLink to Biodiversity Data Journal
. 2015 Aug 31;(3):e5793. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.3.e5793

New records of Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) represent a significant western range expansion

Michael Joseph Skvarla ‡,✉, Amber Tripodi §, Allen Szalanski ‡, Ashley Dowling ‡
PMCID: PMC4568401  PMID: 26379466

Abstract Abstract

Background

Orussus minutus is an uncommonly collected parasitoid sawfly known from the eastern United States.

New information

We report specimens Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983, from Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba, which represent new state and province records and significantly expand the known range of the species west from previous records; provide collection information for unpublished specimens housed in the United States National Museum collection, which includes new state records for West Virginia and Michigan; and report two specimens housed in the Biological Museum at Lund University that represent new state records for Connecticut.

Keywords: Symphyta , Range expansion, Buffalo National River, new state record

Introduction

Orussidae have long interested entomologists because of their parasitoid larvae, which are unique among non-apocritan Hymenoptera, phylogenetically important position between basal Hymenoptera ("Symphyta") and Apocrita, and because they are rarely collected (Middlekauff 1983, Pesarini and Turrisi 2003, Vilhelmsen 2003).

Middlekauff (1983) provided an excellent review of the literature concerning the feeding biology and hosts of orussid larvae. Briefly summarized, a number of authors reported orussid larvae develop in wood (Harrington 1887a, Konow 1902, Gaulle 1906) and associate with beetle and sawfly larvae (Wachtl 1882, Rudow 1909). Harrington (1887b) first hypothesized that orussid larvae may be parasitoids, though he considered it more likely they fed on wood. Rohwer (1912) and Burke (1918) provided convincing evidence that orussids are parasitoids as they reported Orussus larvae pupating in old cerambycid larval galleries and attacking buprestid larvae. Subsequent authors investigated oviposition behavior and larval feeding; they found that adult female orussids deposit eggs into frass-filled galleries of and directly onto larvae of wood-boring Coleoptera and Hymenoptera and that larval orussids feed upon those larvae (Cooper 1953, Rawlings 1957, Powell and Turner 1975). Currently, Orussidae are known or suspected to parasitize Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Siricidae, and Xiphydriidae (Table 1).

Table 1.

Known and suspected hosts of Orussidae

Host family Reference
Buprestidae Wachtl 1882, Harrington 1887a, Burke 1918, Ahnlund and Ronquist 2001,Wachtl 1882, Harrington 1887a, Burke 1918, Powell and Turner 1975, Ahnlund and Ronquist 2001, Vilhelmsen and Smith 2002
Cerambycidae Rohwer 1912, Powell and Turner 1975, Hellrigl 1984, Ahnlund and Ronquist 2001
Siricidae Gourley 1951, Rawlings 1957, Powell and Turner 1975, Vilhelmsen and Smith 2002
Xiphydriidae Rudow 1909
Open in a new tab

Ashmead (1896) published the first phylogenetic hypothesis of Hymenoptera and placed Oryssidae (=Orussidae) transitionally between sawflies and other Hymenoptera. Recent phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters (Rasnitsyn 1988, Vilhelmsen 1997, Vilhelmsen 2000, Vilhelmsen 2001, Ronquist et al. 1999, Schulmeister 2003b), large molecular datasets and combined molecular and morphological datasets (Schulmeister 2003b, Heraty et al. 2011, Sharkey et al. 2011) have corroborated the placement of Orussidae (and Paroryssidae when fossil taxa are included) as sister to Apocrita. For relationships within Orussidae, the most robust phylogenetic analysis was produced by Vilhelmsen (2003). His analysis recovered most genera as monophyletic, though Vilhelmsen abandoned the use of subfamilies and tribes, as “[e]nforcing a strictly cladistics classification at these levels would require recognition of many redundant taxa without enhancing the information content”.

Orussidae are uncommonly collected and rare in collections. For example, despite a cumulative 25,000 trapping hours (314 separate 1–2 week collection events) using Malaise traps over the last five years by the authors around Arkansas, no additional specimens beyond the three reported herein were captured with this trapping method and David Smith (USDA, SEL), who has had success collecting orussids in Malaise traps (e.g., Smith 2006, Smith 2008, Barrows and Smith 2014), has only collected 33 specimens of O. minutus in 35 years of collecting with an average of 15 Malaise traps set per year (David R. Smith, pers. comm. 18 August 2015). Additionally, new species continue to be described, even in heavily collected areas such as California (e.g., Vilhelmsen 2005, Blank et al. 2010, Vilhelmsen et al. 2014). Several species are known only from one or a few localities and specimens and the known ranges of many species continue to expand as new specimens are collected (Ahnlund and Ronquist 2001, Vilhelmsen and Smith 2002, Pesarini and Turrisi 2003, Pesarini and Turrisi 2006, Choi and Suh 2011).

Orussus is represented five species in North America north of Mexico: O. occidentalis (Cresson, 1879) has been reported from Southern British Columbia east to Ontario, south in the western United States to southern California, Nevada, and New Mexico; O. thoracicus (Ashmead, 1898) has been reported from Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and California; O. sayii (Westwood, 1835) has been reported from Ontario south to Louisiana, west to Indiana; O. terminalis (Newman, 1838) has been reported from New England and Ontario west to Iowa and Illinois, south to Maryland; and O. minutus (Middlekauff, 1983) has been reported from New York to Georgia west to Illinois (Middlekauff 1983, Vilhelmsen 2003, Blank et al. 2010, Vilhelmsen et al. 2013).

Materials and methods

Two orussids (1 male, 1 female) were collected along the Buffalo National River in the lower collector of an aerial SLAM (sea-land-air-Malaise) trap (MegaView Science Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan) and a black multifunnel trap (ChemTica International, S.A., Heredia, Costa Rica); a third specimen (1 female) was collected via aerial netting in the Kessler Mountain Reserve. Both localities are mixed secondary deciduous forest dominated by oak and hickory that were logged approximately 80–100 years ago. Specimens were identified to species using published keys (Middlekauff 1983, Vilhelmsen et al. 2014) and have been deposited in the University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum.

Stereomicrographs of the Arkansas specimens were taken with a Cannon EOS 40D camera (Tokyo, Japan) attached using a Diagnostic Instruments DD20NLT 2.0X camera mount (Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA) to a Nikon SMZ1500 stereomicroscope (Tokyo, Japan). The microgrpahs were processed and final plates arranged in Adobe Illustrator (San Jose, California, USA).

DNA of one Arkansas specimen (MS 13-0413-047, #138295) was sequenced for comparison with previously characterized Orussus. Genomic DNA was extracted from a single mid-leg using the Qiagen DNeasy Tissue kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, California), following manufacturer’s instructions. PCR was conducted using the primers LR-J-13017 (5’- TTACGCTGTTATCCTAA-3’) and LR-N-13398 (5’- CACCTGTTTAACAAAAACAT-3’) (Kambhampati and Smith 1995), which amplify an approximately 415 bp portion of the 16S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome. Reaction conditions were 94°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 45 s, 48°C for 1 min, and 72°C for 1 min, with a final 5 min extension step at 72°C. Amplified DNA was purified, concentrated with PES 30k centrifugal filter devices (VWR, Radnor, PA) and sent for direct sequencing in both directions (Eurofins MWG Operon, Huntsville, Alabama).

David R. Smith kindly provided label information for specimens housed in the United States National Museum; previously unpublished specimens are reported herein. Additional unpublished specimens were found by searching the databased collection of Lund University Biological Museum (Lund University 2015), BugGuide (Hatfield 2008, Alexander 2011, Liberta 2014, Zhang 2014), and Flickr (King 2014).

Published locality data for Figure 3 was compiled from Cooper (1953), Middlekauff (1983), Smith (2006), Barrows and Smith (2014).

Institution abbreviations follow Evenhuis (2015) and are as follows: United States National Museum (USNM), University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum (UAAM), Lund University, Sweden (MZLU).

Taxon treatments

Ourssus minutus

Middlekauff, 1983

Materials

  1. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: 138295; recordedBy: Michael J Skvarla; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Arkansas; county: Newton; locality: Buffalo National River, Steel Creek; locationRemarks: 80-100 year old mature second-growth Eastern mixed deciduous forest dominated by oak (Quercus) and hickory (Carya); verbatimCoordinates: 36°02.218' N, 93°20.439 W; decimalLatitude: 36.036967; decimalLongitude: -93.34065; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Michael J. Skvarla; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: black Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 201313-4-13; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: MS 13-0413-047; institutionCode: UAAM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  2. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: catalogNumber: 138296; recordedBy: Michael J Skvarla; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Arkansas; county: Newton; locality: Buffalo National River, Steel Creek; locationRemarks: 80-100 year old mature second-growth Eastern mixed deciduous forest dominated by oak (Quercus) and hickory (Carya); verbatimCoordinates: 36°02.314' N, 93°20.425 W; decimalLatitude: 36.038567; decimalLongitude: -93.34041; georeferenceProtocol: GPS; Identification: identifiedBy: Michael J. Skvarla; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: SLAM canopy trap, lower collector; eventDate: 201313-4-13; Record Level: language: en; collectionID: MS 13-0413-060; institutionCode: UAAM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  3. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Amber Tripodi; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Arkansas; county: Washington; locality: Fayetteville, Kessler Mountain Reserve, Wino Trail; locationRemarks: 80-100 year old mature second-growth Eastern mixed deciduous forest dominated by oak (Quercus) and hickory (Carya); verbatimCoordinates: 36°02'19.45" N, 94°13'01.98" W; decimalLatitude: 36.038611; decimalLongitude: -94.216944; georeferenceProtocol: GoogleEarth; Identification: identifiedBy: Michael J. Skvarla; dateIdentified: 2014; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collected with net; eventDate: 41755.00; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: UAAM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  4. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. P. Nuhn; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Warren; locality: Skyland Estates; locationRemarks: 4 km NNW of Linden; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1985-4-20/1985-4-27; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  5. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: T. P. Nuhn; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Warren; locality: Skyland Estates; locationRemarks: 4 km NNW of Linden; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1996-4-27/1996-5-12; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  6. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: P. J. Spangler; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; locality: Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1965-4-16/1965-4-17; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  7. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Kloke & D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Louisa; locationRemarks: 4 mi south of Cuckoo; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1989-4-26/1989-5-12; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  8. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Kloke & D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Louisa; locationRemarks: 4 mi south of Cuckoo; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1989-5-27/1989-6-7; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  9. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: J. Kloke & D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Louisa; locationRemarks: 4 mi south of Cuckoo; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1988-3-19/1988-4-11; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  10. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Fairfax; locality: Holmes Run; locationRemarks: ~1/4 mi NW jct. Gallows Rd & I-495; verbatimCoordinates: 38°50’N, 77°12’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1990-4-22/1990-4-28; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  11. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Fairfax; locality: Holmes Run; locationRemarks: ~1/4 mi NW jct. Gallows Rd & I-496; verbatimCoordinates: 38°50’N, 77°12’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1990-3-11/1990-30-17; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  12. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Fairfax; locality: Holmes Run; locationRemarks: ~1/4 mi NW jct. Gallows Rd & I-497; verbatimCoordinates: 38°50’N, 77°12’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2008-4-13/2008-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  13. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Clarke; locality: University of Virginia Blandy Experiment Farm; locationRemarks: 2 mi south of Boyce; verbatimCoordinates: 39°05’N, 78°10’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1992-5-2/1992-5-16; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  14. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Clarke; locality: University of Virginia Blandy Experiment Farm; locationRemarks: 2 mi south of Boyce; verbatimCoordinates: 39°05’N, 78°10’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1994-4-16/1994-4-28; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  15. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Clarke; locality: University of Virginia Blandy Experiment Farm; locationRemarks: 2 mi south of Boyce; verbatimCoordinates: 39°05’N, 78°10’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1994-4-16/1994-4-28; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  16. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1992-4-1/1992-4-16; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  17. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1993-5-15/1993-5-28; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  18. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1994-4-22/1994-5-3; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  19. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1994-4-22/1994-5-3; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  20. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1995-3-23/1995-4-11; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  21. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1996-4-12/1996-5-6; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  22. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1996-5-7/1996-5-17; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  23. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1999-3-6/1999-3-20; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  24. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1999-4-3/1999-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  25. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1999-4-3/1999-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  26. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Essex; locationRemarks: 1 mi southeast of Dunnsville; verbatimCoordinates: 37°52’N, 76°48’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1999-5-6/1999-5-20; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  27. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Virginia; county: Fairfax; locality: Great Falls Park; verbatimCoordinates: 38°59.4’N, 77°15.26’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-4-19/2007-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  28. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Hardy; locationRemarks: 3 mi northeast of Mathias; verbatimCoordinates: 38°55’N, 78°49’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2000-5-1/2000-5-15; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  29. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Hardy; locationRemarks: 3 mi northeast of Mathias; verbatimCoordinates: 38°55’N, 78°49’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2001-4-1/2001-5-14; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  30. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Hardy; locationRemarks: 3 mi northeast of Mathias; verbatimCoordinates: 38°55’N, 78°49’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-5-4/2007-5-21; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  31. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Hardy; locationRemarks: 3 mi northeast of Mathias; verbatimCoordinates: 38°55’N, 78°49’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2007-5-22/2007-6-7; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  32. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: D. R. Smith; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Hardy; locationRemarks: 3 mi northeast of Mathias; verbatimCoordinates: 38°55’N, 78°49’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 2008-5-30/2008-6-17; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  33. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: E. M. Barrows; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: West Virginia; county: Tucker; locality: Fernow Experimental Forest; verbatimCoordinates: 39°03’N, 79°40’W; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Malaise trap; eventDate: 1993-4-30/1993-5-10; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  34. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: K. V. Krombein; individualCount: 5; lifeStage: adult; behavior: specimens taken on trunk of dead, standing, barked samplings, trunk diam. 2"; associatedReferences: Smith, D.R. 2008. Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Plummers Island, Maryland: Symphyta and selected families of Apocrita. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 15(1): 160–167; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Maryland; county: Montgomery; locality: Plummers Island; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collected with net; eventDate: 1971-4-11; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  35. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Geo. Steyskal; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Michigan; county: Wayne; locality: Grosse Ile; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: eventDate: 1957-5-25; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  36. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: R. W. Carlson; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Michigan; county: Washtenaw; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: eventDate: 1967-6-10; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  37. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: M. & N. Deyrup; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; behavior: collected in flight; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Indiana; county: Tippecanoe; locality: West Lafayette; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: samplingProtocol: hand collected; eventDate: 1970-5-5; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  38. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: M. & N. Deyrup; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; behavior: collected from branches of Acer saccharum; associatedReferences: Deyrup, M.A. 1984. A maple wood wasp, Xiphydria maculate, and its insect enemies (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Great Lakes Entomologist, 17: 17–28. [referred to as "Orussus sp."]; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Indiana; county: Tippecanoe; locality: West Lafayette; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: eventDate: 1981-4-16; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  39. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: M. & N. Deyrup; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; behavior: collected from branches of Acer saccharum; associatedReferences: Deyrup, M.A. 1984. A maple wood wasp, Xiphydria maculate, and its insect enemies (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae). Great Lakes Entomologist, 17: 17–28. [referred to as "Orussus sp."]; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Indiana; county: Tippecanoe; locality: West Lafayette; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: David R. Smith; Event: eventDate: 1981-4-26; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  40. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Shu Ambree; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Cumberland; verbatimCoordinates: 40.22479, -76.96278; decimalLatitude: 40.22479; decimalLongitude: -76.96278; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-4; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  41. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Shu Ambree; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Cumberland; verbatimCoordinates: 40.22519, -76.96252; decimalLatitude: 40.22519; decimalLongitude: -76.96252; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-4; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  42. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Jay Bagley; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Northumberland; verbatimCoordinates: 40.87671, -76.50962; decimalLatitude: 40.87671; decimalLongitude: -76.50962; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-6-1; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  43. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Sam Louenwirth; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Lehigh; verbatimCoordinates: 40.45855, -75.473198; decimalLatitude: 40.45855; decimalLongitude: -75.473198; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2012-5-31; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  44. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Nathan Delp; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Bedford; verbatimCoordinates: 40.04287, -78.36906; decimalLatitude: 40.04287; decimalLongitude: -78.36906; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2012-5-15; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  45. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Fulton; verbatimCoordinates: 40.02970, -77.637133; decimalLatitude: 40.0297; decimalLongitude: -77.637133; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2014-7-8; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  46. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Thea Stimmler; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Chester; verbatimCoordinates: 40.6765, -75.71953; decimalLatitude: 40.6765; decimalLongitude: -75.71953; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2012-5-15; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  47. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Ryan Weston; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Centre; verbatimCoordinates: 41.030522, -77.98226; decimalLatitude: 41.030522; decimalLongitude: -77.98226; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2012-5-18; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  48. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Rick Malak; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Bradford; verbatimCoordinates: 41.81719, -76.79818; decimalLatitude: 41.81719; decimalLongitude: -76.79818; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2012-5-31; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  49. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Sandra Gardosik; individualCount: 7; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Delaware; verbatimCoordinates: 39.85234, -75.40715; decimalLatitude: 39.85234; decimalLongitude: -75.40715; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  50. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Sandra Gardosik; individualCount: 7; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Delaware; verbatimCoordinates: 39.85225, -75.40751; decimalLatitude: 39.85225; decimalLongitude: -75.40751; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  51. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Sandra Gardosik; individualCount: 4; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Delaware; verbatimCoordinates: 39.85206, -75.40721; decimalLatitude: 39.85206; decimalLongitude: -75.40721; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  52. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Scott Robert; individualCount: 4; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: York; verbatimCoordinates: 40.0295, -76.70635; decimalLatitude: 40.0295; decimalLongitude: -76.70635; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-7; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  53. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Scott Robert; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: York; verbatimCoordinates: 40.03012, -76.70447; decimalLatitude: 40.03012; decimalLongitude: -76.70447; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-22; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  54. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 9; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93079, -77.63713; decimalLatitude: 39.93079; decimalLongitude: -77.63713; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  55. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93071, -77.63803; decimalLatitude: 39.93071; decimalLongitude: -77.63803; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  56. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93071, -77.63803; decimalLatitude: 39.93071; decimalLongitude: -77.63803; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-1; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  57. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930837, -77.638226; decimalLatitude: 39.930837; decimalLongitude: -77.638226; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  58. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930785, -77.637101; decimalLatitude: 39.930785; decimalLongitude: -77.637101; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  59. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930785, -77.637101; decimalLatitude: 39.930785; decimalLongitude: -77.637101; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-8-1; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  60. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930837, -77.638226; decimalLatitude: 39.930837; decimalLongitude: -77.638226; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  61. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930884, -77.637928; decimalLatitude: 39.930884; decimalLongitude: -77.637928; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-28; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  62. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930884, -77.637928; decimalLatitude: 39.930884; decimalLongitude: -77.637928; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-21; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  63. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.930884, -77.637928; decimalLatitude: 39.930884; decimalLongitude: -77.637928; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-19; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  64. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93094, -77.637133; decimalLatitude: 39.93094; decimalLongitude: -77.637133; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-1; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  65. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93094, -77.637133; decimalLatitude: 39.93094; decimalLongitude: -77.637133; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-21; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  66. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93021, -77.638025; decimalLatitude: 39.93021; decimalLongitude: -77.638025; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-6-1; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  67. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93021, -77.638025; decimalLatitude: 39.93021; decimalLongitude: -77.638025; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-5-2; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  68. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: L. Donovall; individualCount: 1; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Pennsylvania; county: Franklin; verbatimCoordinates: 39.93097, -77.637695; decimalLatitude: 39.93097; decimalLongitude: -77.637695; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: samplingProtocol: Lindgren multifunnel trap; eventDate: 2011-4-21; Record Level: language: en; institutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

  69. Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Anton Jansson; individualCount: 2; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Hymenoptera; family: Orussidae; genus: Orussus; specificEpithet: minutus; scientificNameAuthorship: Middlekauff, 1983; Location: country: United States; countryCode: US; stateProvince: Connecticut; county: New London; municipality: Groton; georeferenceProtocol: label; Event: eventDate: 17695.00; Record Level: institutionCode: MZLU; basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Distribution

New York south to Georgia west to Manitoba, Iowa, and Arkansas.

Analysis

The Arkansas specimens were identified morphologically as Orussus minutus Middlekauff, 1983 (Figs 1, 2). The 16S rRNA sequence (GenBank #KM379143) was a 99.5% match with an existing O. minutus sequence (EF032174), differing by two base pairs.

Orussus minutus, female

Figure 1a.

Figure 1a.

Lateral habitus

Figure 1b.

Figure 1b.

Dorsal habitus

Figure 1c.

Figure 1c.

Head

Figure 1d.

Figure 1d.

Ventral abdomen

Open in a new tab

Orussus minutus, male

Figure 2a.

Figure 2a.

Lateral habitus

Figure 2b.

Figure 2b.

Dorsal habitus

Figure 2c.

Figure 2c.

Head

Figure 2d.

Figure 2d.

Ventral abdomen

Open in a new tab

Discussion

The Arkansas specimens and those shared as photographs on Bugguide and Flickr significantly expand the known range of O. minutus westward (Fig. 3). Morphological determination of the Arkansas specimens was confirmed by genetic data and the species is easily identified due to its small size and distinct markings, so it is highly unlikely the photographed specimens are not O. minutus.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Known range of Orussus minutus. Solid circles represent collection localities, open circles represent state records lacking additional locality data.

Many of the USNM specimens were collected by David R. Smith during 35 years of Malaise trapping specifically for sawflies. However, most recently collected specimens, especially those from Pennsylvania, were found as non-target species during various exotic species monitoring programs that utalized Lindgren multifunnel traps (David Smith, pers. comm., 28 Aug. 2015). The abundance of these specimens emphasize the utility of examining, or at least collecting and sending to the appropriate specialist, non-target species in mass trapping surveys, such as was suggested by Skvarla and Holland (2011). Precise figures for the number of traps and amount of effort that was involved in the Pennsylvania surveys is unavailable, so we are unable to compare the efficiency of Malaise trapping compared to Lindgren funnel trapping; however, the number of O. minutus that were collected in Lindgren funnel traps suggests that it may be a useful tool for collecting Orussus.

Given the current records, O. minutus is likely present throughout most of Eastern North America. The concentration of specimens from northern Virginia and Pennsylvania reflect collecting effort and specimen recoginition rather than true abundance and further collecting in the southeastern United States and Canada should produce additional specimens from those areas.

Finally, records found through Bugguide and Flickr join a growing list of discoveries made via citizen science and social media websites (e.g., Otto and Hill 2011, Winterton et al. 2012, Gonella et al. 2015) and help underscore the importance of such resources in descriptive biology and natural history.

Supplementary Material

XML Treatment for Ourssus minutus
BDJ.3.e5793-treatment1.xml (344.6KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

We thank David Smith for providing the collection data for the USNM specimens and his willingness and enthusiasm to discuss sawflies; Christer Hansson for providing the collection data for the MZLU specimens and Lund University for digitizing their collection; Danielle Fisher for her assistance in sorting trap material and finding the first specimen; Clinton Trammel for laboratory assistance; and Lars Vilhelmsen, Stephen Blank, and Andy Deans for their helpful comments and corrections. This project and the preparation of this publication was funded in part by the State Wildlife Grants Program (Grant # T39-05) of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through an agreement with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.

References

  1. Ahnlund H., Ronquist F. Den röda parasitiväxtstekelns (Orussus abietinus) biologi och förekomst i Norden. Entomologisk Tidskrift. 2001;122:1–11. [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexander Y. Parasitic Wood Wasp? - Orussus minutus. http://bugguide.net/node/view/506553/bgimage. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];
  3. Ashmead W. H. The phylogeny of Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 1896;3:323–336. [Google Scholar]
  4. Barrows Edward, Smith David. Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of three Mid-Atlantic Parks in the George Washington Memorial Parkway, U.S.A. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.39.7907. Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 2014;39:17–31. doi: 10.3897/jhr.39.7907. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  5. Blank Stephan, Vilhelmsen Lars, Smith David. Ophrynon (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) in California: diversity, distribution and phylogeny. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/139956009x12550095535756. Insect Systematics & Evolution. 2010;41(1):3–27. doi: 10.1163/139956009x12550095535756. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Burke H. E. Oryssus is parasitic. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 1918;19:87–89. [Google Scholar]
  7. Choi W. - Y., Suh K. - I. First record of the genus Stirocorsia (Orussidae: Hymenoptera) from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology. 2011;27(3):268–270. doi: 10.5635/KJSZ.2011.27.3.268. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cooper K. E. Egg gigantism, oviposition, and genital anatomy: their bearing on the biology and phylogenetic position of Orussus. Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science. 1953;10:38–68. [Google Scholar]
  9. Evenhuis N. L. Abbreviations for Insect and Spider Collections of the World. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/codens/codens-inst.html. [2015-08-26T00:00:00+03:00];
  10. Gaulle J. , de. Catalogue Systématique and Biologique des Hymenopteres de France. La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes. 1906;36:137–141. [Google Scholar]
  11. Gonella Paulo Minatel, Rivadavia Fernando, Fleischmann Andreas. Drosera magnifica (Droseraceae): the largest New World sundew, discovered on Facebook. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.220.3.4. Phytotaxa. 2015;220(3):257. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.220.3.4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gourley E. S. Notes on insects associated with Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1951;42:21–22. doi: 10.1017/s0007485300025116. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  13. Harrington H. Further observations on Oryssus sayi. Canadian Entomologist. 1887;19:239–240. doi: 10.4039/Ent19239-12. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Harrington H. Oryssus sayi, Westwood. Canadian Entomologist. 1887;19(5):81–86. doi: 10.4039/Ent1981-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hatfield M. J. Orussus minutus. http://bugguide.net/node/view/244986/bgimage. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];
  16. Hellrigl K. Orussus abietinus Scop. (Hym., Orussoidea) als Parasit der Larvae des Wellenbockes Semanotus undatus L. (Col., Cerambycidae) Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde. 1984;57(5):97–98. [Google Scholar]
  17. Heraty John, Ronquist Fredrik, Carpenter James M., Hawks David, Schulmeister Susanne, Dowling Ashley P., Murray Debra, Munro James, Wheeler Ward C., Schiff Nathan, Sharkey Michael. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2011;60(1):73–88. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kambhampati S., Smith P. T. PCR primers for the amplification of four insect mitochondrial gene fragments. Insect Molecular Biology. 1995;4:233–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00028.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. King S. Orussus minutus. https://www.flickr.com/photos/minnesotameadowhawk/14193634907/in/photolist-o2mifR-o2iSmv-o21Fh6-nCf6ae. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];
  20. Konow F. W. Systematische Zusammenstellung der bisher bekannt geworden Chalastogaster (p. 81). Zeitechr. syst. Hym. Dipt. 1902;2:49. [Google Scholar]
  21. Liberta A. Unknown Hymenoptera. http://bugguide.net/node/view/975717. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];
  22. University Lund. http://www.biomus.lu.se/en/entomological-collections. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];
  23. Middlekauff W. W. A Revision of the Sawfly Family Orussidae for North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae) University of California Press; Berkley: 1983. ix + 46 [Google Scholar]
  24. Otto J. C., Hill D. E. An illustrated review of the known peacock spiders of the genus Maratus from Australia, with descriptions of a new species (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae) Peckhamia. 2011;96(1):1–27. [Google Scholar]
  25. Pesarini F., Turrisi G. F. Orussus taorminensis (Trautmann, 1922) (Hymenoptera, Orussidae), new to Iberian Peninsula and to Africa. Boletín de la Asociación española de Entomología. 2003;27:93–98. [Google Scholar]
  26. Pesarini Fausto, Turrisi Giuseppe Fabrizio. Interesting records of sawflies from Italy (Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Orussidae,Cimbicidae, Diprionidae) In: Blank S. M., Schmidt S., Taeger A., editors. Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects, Chapter: Interesting records of sawflies from Italy (Hymenoptera, Symphyta: Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Orussidae,Cimbicidae, Diprionidae) Goecke & Evers; Keltern: 2006. 331-336. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  27. Powell J. A., Turner W. J. Observations on oviposition behavior and host selection in Orussus occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Siricoidea) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 1975;48:299–307. [Google Scholar]
  28. Rasnitsyn A. P. An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects. Oriental Insects. 1988;22:115–145. [Google Scholar]
  29. Rawlings G. B. Guiglia schauinslandi (Ashmead) a parasite of Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist. 1957;90(1125):35–36. [Google Scholar]
  30. Rohwer S. A. Studies in the woodwasp superfamily Oryssoidea, with descriptions of new species. Proceedigns of the U.S. National Museum. 1912;43:141–148. doi: 10.5479/si.00963801.43-1925.141. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ronquist F., Rasnitsyn A. P., Roy A., Eriksson K., Lindgren M. ) Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: A cladistics reanalysis of Rasnitsyn’s (1988) data. Zoologica Scripta. 1999;28:13–50. doi: 10.1046/j.1463-6409.1999.00023.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  32. Rudow D. R. Lebensweise der Holzweepen Siricidae. Int. Ent. Zeit. 1909;3(24):135. [Google Scholar]
  33. Schulmeister S. Review of morphological evidence on the phylogeny of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a discussion of the ordering of characters. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00232.x. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003;79(2):209–243. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00232.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  34. Schulmeister S. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003;79(2):245–275. doi: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00233.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sharkey Michael J., Carpenter James M., Vilhelmsen Lars, Heraty John, Liljeblad Johan, Dowling Ashley P. G., Schulmeister Susanne, Murray Debra, Deans Andrew R., Ronquist Fredrik, Krogmann Lars, Wheeler Ward C. Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x. Cladistics. 2011;28(1):80–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Skvarla M. J., Holland J. D. Nontarget insects caught on emerald ash borer purple monitoring traps in Western Pennsylvania. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2011;28(4):219–221. [Google Scholar]
  37. Smith D. R. List of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of Virginia. Banisteria. 2006;28:3–23. [Google Scholar]
  38. Smith D. R. Hymenoptera (Insecta) of Plummers Island, Maryland: Symphyta and selected families of Apocrita. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2988/0097-0298%282008%2915%5B160%3AHIOPIM%5D2.0.CO%3B2. Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington. 2008;15(1):160–167. doi: 10.2988/0097-0298(2008)15[160:HIOPIM]2.0.CO;2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  39. Vilhelmsen L. The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1997.tb00404.x. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 1997;35(2):49–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1997.tb00404.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  40. Vilhelmsen L. Before the wasp-waist: comparative anatomy and phylogenetic implications of the skeleto-musculature of the thoraco-abdominal boundary region in basal Hymenoptera (Insecta) http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008493. Zoomorphology. 2000;119(4):185–221. doi: 10.1007/pl00008493. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  41. Vilhelmsen L. Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01320.x. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2001;131(4):393–442. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01320.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  42. Vilhelmsen L. Phylogeny and classification of the Orussidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera), a basal parasitic wasp taxon. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00080.x. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2003;139(3):337–418. doi: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00080.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  43. Vilhelmsen L. Chalinus albitibialis, a new species of Orussidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) from Morocco. Zootaxa. 2005;880:1–7. [Google Scholar]
  44. Vilhelmsen L., Smith D. R. Revision of the 'ophryopine' genera Argentophrynopus gen. n., Guiglia Benson, Kulcania Benson, Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynon Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow, and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) Insect Systematics & Evolution. 2002;33(4):387–420. doi: 10.1163/187631202X00217. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  45. Vilhelmsen Lars, Smith David R., Liu Zhiwei, Blank Stephan M. Discovery of new species confirms Oriental origin of Orussus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002087. Insect Systematics & Evolution. 2014;45(1):51–91. doi: 10.1163/1876312x-00002087. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  46. Vilhelmsen L., Blank S. M., Costa V. A., Alvarenga T. M., Smith D. R. Phylogeny of the ophrynopinae clade revisted: review of the parasitoid sawfly genera Ophrella Middlekauff, Ophrynopus Konow and Stirocorsia Konow (Hymenoptera: Orussidae) Invertebrate Systematics. 2013;27:450–483. doi: 10.1071/IS13006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  47. Wachtl F. A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Biologie Systematik und Synonymie der Insecten. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung. 1882;1(12):294-298. [Google Scholar]
  48. Winterton Shaun, Guek Hock Ping, Brooks Stephen. A charismatic new species of green lacewing discovered in Malaysia (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): the confluence of citizen scientist, online image database and cybertaxonomy. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.214.3220. ZooKeys. 2012;214:1–11. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.214.3220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Zhang M. Orussus minutus. http://bugguide.net/node/view/940592/bgimage. [2015-08-18T00:00:00+03:00];

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

XML Treatment for Ourssus minutus
BDJ.3.e5793-treatment1.xml (344.6KB, xml)

Articles from Biodiversity Data Journal are provided here courtesy of Pensoft Publishers

RESOURCES