Table S1.
Bacterial strains
| Strain | Description | Source |
| X90 | F´ lacIq lac´ pro´/ara ∆(lac-pro) nal1 argE(amb) rifr thi-1, RifR | — |
| MG1655 | WT strain | — |
| DA28100 | galK::sYFP2opt-cat, CmR | Sanna Koskiniemi |
| EPI100 | F–mcrA ∆(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC) φ80dlacZ∆M15 ∆lacXcZ∆M15 ∆lacX recA1 endA1 araD139 ∆(ara, leu)7697 galU galK λ– rpsL nupG, StrR | Epicentre |
| DY378 | W3110 λcI857 ∆(cro-bioA) | Ref. 41 |
| MFDpir | MG1655 RP4-2-Tc::[∆Mu1::aac(3)IV-∆aphA-∆nic35-∆Mu2::zeo] dapA::(erm-pir) ∆recA, AprR ZeoR ErmR | Ref. 43 |
| CH43 | MG1655 ∆ftsH3::kan lpxC | Ref. 44 |
| CH2505 | X90 galK::sYFP2opt-kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH2550 | EPI100 galK::sYFP2opt-kan, KanR | This study |
| CH7157 | X90 ∆clpX ∆clpA::kan, RifR KanR | Ref. 8 |
| CH8119 | DH5αpir+ | Biomedal |
| CH8251 | MC4100 rifr, RifR | This study |
| CH9401 | CH8251 ∆yciC::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH9404 | CH8251 ∆yciB::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH9405 | X90 ∆yciB::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH10013 | JCM158 rifr, RifR | Ref. 6 |
| CH10229 | JCM158 rifr ∆wzb::cat, RifR CmR | Ref. 6 |
| CH11843 | CH8251 ∆metI::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH11844 | CH8251 ∆metN::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH11845 | CH8251 ∆ptsG::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12000 | CH8251 ∆rbsA::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12002 | CH8251 ∆rbsC::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12008 | CH8251 ∆gltJ::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12009 | CH8251 ∆gltK::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12010 | CH8251 ∆gltL::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
| CH12741 | X90 ∆ptsG::kan, RifR KanR | This study |
AmpR, ampicillin-resistant; AprR, aprimycin-resistant; CmR, chloramphenicol-resistant; ErmR, erythromycin-resistant; KanR, kanamycin-resistance; RifR, rifampicin-resistant; TetR, tetracycline-resistant; ZeoR, zeocin-resistant.