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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 May 1;69(0 1):S37–S43. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000587

Table 2.

Sample characteristics and multivariate regression results by residence in a hotspot for poor viral suppression

Predictors and Values Total In a Hotspot for Poor
Viral Suppression		 Not in a Hotspot for
Poor Viral
Suppression		 Multivariable
Regression Model
Label Level N % N % N % AOR 95% CI
Age at diagnosis < 25 99 18.82 14 19.44 85 18.72 1
25–44 262 49.80 31 43.06 231 50.88
45+ 165 31.36 27 37.50 138 30.40
Sex at Birth Male 354 67.30 39 54.17 315 69.38 Ref
Female 172 32.69 33 45.83 139 30.62 1.735 1.000–3.010
Race Hispanic 93 17.68 20 27.78 73 16.08 1
Other/UNK 20 03.80 1 1.39 19 4.19
Black 308 58.55 39 54.17 269 59.25
White 105 19.96 12 16.67 93 20.48
Transmission Risk MSM 191 36.31 23 31.94 168 37.00 1
IDU 45 08.55 9 12.50 36 7.93
Heterosexual 207 39.35 25 34.72 182 40.09
Other/NIR 83 15.77 15 20.83 68 14.98
Insurance Medicaid 156 29.65 25 34.72 131 28.85 1
Medicare 45 8.55 6 8.33 39 8.59
None 87 16.53 5 6.94 82 18.06
Other/UNK 121 23.00 17 23.61 104 22.91
Private 117 22.24 19 26.39 98 21.59
Economic Deprivation Index Mean (MED) 19.33 (19.64) (23.49) (23.69) (18.57) (19.63) 1.086 1.048–1.124
Pharmacy Density (rate per 1,000 population) Mean (MED) 0.35 (0.24) 0.32 (0.29) 0.33 (0.24) 1
Public Transit Route Density (rate per 1,000 population) Mean (MED) 5.55 (4.92) 4.87 (4.59) 5.47 (4.93) 1
Distance to Care (in miles) Mean (MED) 3.65 (2.88) 3.50 (3.06) 3.97 (3.08) 1
Average Distance to 5 closest pharmacies (in miles) Mean (MED) 0.56 (0.55) 0.52 (0.49) 0.56 (0.55) 0.124 0.022–0.694
1

Variable was not significant in univariate analysis and was not entered into the regression model for poor retention.

2

Economic Deprivation was calculated from the American Community Survey data elements of percent employed in low-wage occupation, percent households in poverty, percent households receiving food stamps, percent female-headed households with dependent children, and percent less than high school education.

3

Distance to care was assessed using the spatial locations of cases and HIV care providers using the street address at time of HIV diagnosis and the address of the medical care sites where initial linkage to care.