Fig. 1.

Intracellular pathways involved in endocrine resistance. CDK = cyclin-dependent kinase, Deptor = DEP domain-containing mTOR-interacting protein, EGFR = epidermal growth factor receptor, ER = oestrogen receptor, FGFR = fibroblast growth factor receptor, HER = human epidermal growth factor receptor, IGFR = insulin-like growth factor receptor, mLST8 = mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8, mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin/mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTORC1 = mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, PI3K = phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-3-kinase, PIP2 = phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, PIP3 = phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate, PRAS = proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1, Raptor = regulatory-associated protein of mTOR, S6K1 = ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1, 4EBP1 = 4E-binding protein 1.