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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Forces. 2014 Nov 15;93(3):1047–1080. doi: 10.1093/sf/sou092

Table 2.

Family Income Elasticity-Family Income Gini Models. Gini Standardized to Mean 0, Standard Deviation 1. PSID and Census Data

OLS
Random Effects
Fixed Effects
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Model 8 Model 9
Income Not Adjusted for Family Size

Parental Income .482 (.022) .474 (.035) .199 (.074) .444 (.023) .194 (.080) .446 (.031) .208 (.086) .415 (.033) .244 (.033)

Parental Income × Gini .052 (.028) .033 (.058) .042 (.023) .035 (.054) .051 (.026) .020 (.061) .029 (.032) −.003 (.065)

Gini −.570 (.320) −.383 (.636) −.485 (.251) −.398 (.598) −.583 (.291) −.241 (.678) −.393 (.376) −.068 (.708)

Intercept 5.664 (.246) 5.748 (.388) 8.826 (.807) 6.070 (.258) 8.878 (.885) 6.056 (.347) 8.734 (.954) 6.284 (.345) 8.475 (.383)

State-year Intercept

State-year Slope

Additional Covariates

AIC 4208.640 4207.059 3564.104 4215.783 3759.139 4217.471 3765.634 4194.975 3613.451

Income Adjusted for Family Size

Parental Income .540 (.021) .535 (.033) .243 (.068) .507 (.022) .240 (.075) .509 (.029) .249 (.080) .479 (.034) .292 (.031)

Parental Income × Gini .037 (.031) .019 (.048) .029 (.022) .021 (.051) .032 (.025) .006 (.057) .015 (.034) −.008 (.051)

Gini −.368 (.323) −.202 (.485) −.298 (.222) −.225 (.529) −.333 (.263) −.067 (.592) −.200 (.366) .030 (.494)

Intercept 4.902 (.219) 4.958 (.348) 7.993 (.682) 5.243 (.231) 8.014 (.773) 5.228 (.308) 7.926 (.825) 5.483 (.329) 7.506 (.305)

State-year Intercept

State-year Slope

Additional Covariates

AIC 4086.374 4085.556 3394.159 4089.411 4091.043 4092.390 3600.272 4074.602 3448.951

N individuals 2396 2396 2096 2396 2096 2396 2096 2396 2096

N state-years 689 689 621 689 621 689 621 689 621

N states 43 43 41 43 41 43 41 43 41

Note: Standard errors in parentheses (robust, clustered by state and year). All continuous variables except parental and adult income are transformed to mean 0, standard deviation 1. Random effects models fit with restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Because this method is based on error contrasts, AIC can be compared only across REML models with the same fixed components. Additional covariates included in Models 3, 5, 7, and 9 include all state-level variables listed in Online Appendix Table A2, plus interactions between parental income and these state-level variables, plus all individual-level parental covariates listed in Online Appendix Table A2.

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