Table 3.
Studies identifying stem cells in RMS.
| Marker/substrate | Source | Stem cell gene | Functional characterization | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD133 | Orthotopic xenograft model | OCT4, NANOG, c-MYC, PAX3, and SOX2 | Correlating with poor overall survival | Walter et al., 2011 [38] |
|
| ||||
| PAX-FKHR | Bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice | Myf5, MEF2, MyoD, and myogenin | Determining the molecular, myogenic, and histologic phenotype of ARMS | Ren et al., 2008 [39] |
|
| ||||
| V-ATPase | RD cell line | NANOG and OCT3/4 | Driving mechanisms of a reduced sensitivity to anticancer drugs and activities related to invasion and metastasis | Salerno et al., 2014 [40] |
|
| ||||
| Surv.m-CRAs | KYM-1 cell line (FGFR3-positive) | FGFR3 | Therapeutic effectiveness against all cell populations and increased effectiveness against CSCs | Tanoue et al., 2014 [41] |